The microsoft case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The microsoft case - Assignment Example onopolizing, endeavors for imposing business model, scheming or consolidating with others with the thought process to consume some portion of aâ tradeâ among a few States. Be that as it may, Microsoft was targeting picking up the imposing business model force in the PC showcase (Economides, 2001). Yes, I do concur that Microsoft was attempting to pick up imposing business model force in the PC programming industry. Microsoft mismanaged the chance of being the main market holder in the PC business, which prompted antitrust conduct examinations. The Company had overseen toâ attainâ 95% piece of the overall industry through antitrust practices (Brinkley and Lohr, 2000). The reports prompted theâ investigationâ for deciding if Microsoft is targeting setting up a restraining infrastructure in the market of the program. There have been various realities demonstrating that Microsoft was makingâ effortsâ monopolizeâ theâ industryâ of programming. The production of Microsoft Office as a bundle that contains bundles that areâ entirelyâ assisting theâ professionalâ was an intentional move to corner the market. Microsoftâ was additionally suedâ due to building up a working framework that had Windows Media Player; along these lines, drawing in the genuine media player in uncalled for rivalry (Brinkley and Lohr, 2000). In Monopoly advertises, Companies have marketâ power in given sections thatâ involveâ theâ productionâ of products. The Monopolies are likewise the value creators of the items delivered. For the situation where Government Monopolyâ is included, the administration controls openness to creation. The Government restraining infrastructure identifies with an imposing business model of government collaboration or an organization. Notwithstanding, there are Pros and cons to the normal imposing business model. The characteristic imposing business model outcomes because of organizations that require a high beginning up costs so as to work in a given business. To the organization, restraining infrastructure guarantees that superfluous rivalry is maintained a strategic distance from; this outcomes to expanded minimal income andâ strong brand name (Tucker, 2010). Syndication guarantees that an association appreciates economies of scale

Is the internet a tool for greater democratization in Asia Essay Example

Is the web a device for more noteworthy democratization in Asia? Article As Asia anticipates a dynamic future, the advances of mass correspondence will assume a significant job. As of right now, it is the Internet, with its different types of data dispersal. However, as this medium turns out to be progressively basic spot, the wielders of intensity will endeavor to put limitations on its utilization. Experimental proof shows that the Internet can be effectively controlled. An a valid example is the exceptional concessions that Yahoo Inc. was constrained to make to encourage requirement of nearby laws. In the event that neighborhood laws are not upheld through the Internet, the specialist co-ops might be compelled to receive the most severe among them with an end goal to penetrate none. Yet, this is just speculative and all things considered, the most liberal (the least prohibitive) among the arrangement of national laws would be picked. Truth be told, during the most recent couple of long periods of the twentieth century, when the Internet was developing and merging, it was at its generally liberal and least controlled (Milton Mueller, 2007). This period saw the ascent of a few dynamic developments for social change, overwhelmingly in the landmasses of Latin America and Asia, which benefited of the Internet’s potential to sort out individuals at the grassroots and declare their motivation. An exemplary model is the achievement of World Social Forum (WSF), a yearly occasion composed by countries in the worldwide south to talk about political change and social advancement. The Internet has had a significant job in bringing these dispersed networks over the Third World together. For most Asian nations, the WSF is a higher priority than the World Economic Forum (WEF). While unregulated Internet can possibly subvert administrative position, they do give other advantageous chances (Milton Mueller, 2007). The issue of controlling web content is exceptionally hostile, given the exponential development in Asia, for both business and educational purposes. A contextual analysis of Asia’s most encouraging nation †China †and its government’s perspective on the Internet would serve to outline the more extensive issues relating to majority rule government in the period of Internet. The instance of Chinese government’s command over Internet content in the nation has pulled in much analysis from human rights advocates. All inner correspondence of Chinese residents are observed and separated for content that could be conceivably incendiary. This implied those indigenous Tibetans who despite everything dwell in Tibetan Autonomous Region, can't voice their sentiments on this argumentative issue. This concealment of free discourse is especially odd, given that the Internet has filled in as an instrument for advancing common freedoms and dynamic causes in the remainder of the world. Such severe inclinations in Asia’s most encouraging country sell out an absence of connection between's financial flourishing and worldwide acknowledgment from one perspective and brutal inside social real factors on the other (Dickson, 2006). We will compose a custom exposition test on Is the web an apparatus for more noteworthy democratization in Asia? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Is the web an apparatus for more prominent democratization in Asia? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Is the web an apparatus for more prominent democratization in Asia? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In any case, it is an indication of progress in Asia, that through a similar mode of correspondence ousted Tibetans have sorted out their fights and shows against the dictatorship of the Communist Party in China. For example, ahead of the pack up to the Olympic Games in Beijing a year ago, the Chinese specialists made some extreme memories managing Tibetan dissenters. The intensity of new computerized innovation to encourage genuine political dispute is something that should be saved and energized. Independent of the way that Tibet had generally been a primitive society ridden with persecution and severity, unbiased political analysts over the world concur that the Tibetan battle for freedom from China isn't irrational. On the off chance that a little gathering of ousted Tibetans can make such legitimate political explanations, the incorporation of Tibetans despite everything living in the level in this procedure may have prompted considerable political changes, which proceeds to rec ommend that dynamic political advances in Asia will discover more prominent articulation if innovative progression is utilized helpfully. From this Tibetan model, one can plainly perceive how a free Internet will support social equity and majority rule government in Asia and past (Goldsmith Wu, 2006). References: Abuza, Zachary., â€Å"Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiya.† Contemporary Southeast Asia 25, no. 2 (2003): 169+. Bellamy, Alex J. â€Å"Terrorism, Freedom and Security: Winning without War.† The Australian Journal of Politics and History 50, no. 1 (2004): 153+. Brimley, Shawn. â€Å"Tentacles of Jihad: Targeting Transnational Support Networks.† Parameters 36, no. 2 (2006): 30+. Chehab, Zaki. â€Å"Al-Qaeda: Still a Step Ahead; Why the Organizational Skills of Osama Bin Laden and His Deputy Ayman Al-Zawahiri Continue to Outwit the West.†, New Statesman, July 3, 2006, 37. De Castro, Renato Cruz. 2004. Tending to International Terrorism in Southeast Asia: A Matter of Strategic or Functional Approach?. Contemporary Southeast Asia 26, no. 2: 193+. Snyder, Craig A. 2006., Southeast Asian Perceptions of Australia’s Foreign Policy. Contemporary Southeast Asia 28, no. 2: 322+. . Dickson, B. J. (2006)., The Chinese Communist Party in Reform. Pacific Affairs, 79(4), 672+., Razack, Sherene, 2006, Civil Society and Its Enemies; The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 52, 11+ Bendle, Mervyn F., 2005, Geopolitics, Culture Clash and Gender; Social Justice, Vol. 32, 115+ Jack Goldsmith Timothy Wu, 2006, Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World. Milton Mueller, 2007, The New Cyber-Conservatism: Goldsmith/Wu and the Premature Triumphalism of the Territorial Nation-State. The Free the Children Initiative is a genuinely necessary social task. It intends to liberate kids in creating countries from reinforced work and different types of misuse. The brainchild of Craig Keilburger, the task has pulled in open consideration in the United States and the remainder of the created world. The significance of such an activity can't be exaggerated, for in the period of globalization, it is terribly unreasonable how youngsters experiencing childhood in various pieces of the world experience notably extraordinary standard of life. The most significant message of the activity is the means by which kids from one piece of the world assistance their partners in another piece of the world. Along these lines, a feeling of worldwide solidarity and organization is incorporated with kids at an exceptionally youthful age. The Free the Children (FTC) †India Initiative has the essential target of freeing youngsters from kid work. Be that as it may, this can't be accomplished in seclusion from social and financial elements that power youngsters into work. .

Argumentative Essay About College :: Education College

Dear Ben,Hey Ben! I was conversing with Sean yesterday when he disclosed to me the news, you're intending to defer school. This came as a stun to me when I heard it. By not going to school, you may get a year's rest and an opportunity to thoroughly consider your choices, however in the event that you ever choose to go to school, you will pass up a great deal of chances also. I figure you ought to consider attending a university as opposed to driving the open street after High School.The data you've learned in High School will be more new in your brain now than 1 year from now. You have spent 12 years of tutoring, however at this point you trust the time has come to rest and see different places and individuals for a year or more before endeavoring school. School includes 4 additional long stretches of exceptional work, yet information learned inside High School can make learning new material simpler for you. Others frequently wind up getting derailed they put off the alternative to g o to school, that can just upset your capacity to in the long run become a school graduate.College can be a pleasant encounter whenever imparted to companions and individuals of comparative age. By holding up an additional year or two, you will think that its progressively awkward inside your classes. The whole school experience includes parties, football match-ups, and drinking lager with your mates just as a training. As you get into the whole experience and appreciate school, you will comprehend and acknowledge what a school offers.The perfect time for school is currently like never before as you likewise have grants and your folks to help with the costly cash game plan which is required. Guardians can be an extraordinary assistance in paying for your school, and might be eager to pay significantly more following graduation from High School, than paying 2 years a short time later. Grants are constantly useful to understudies, paying for a tad of a costly school. Factious Essay About College :: Education College Dear Ben,Hey Ben! I was chatting with Sean yesterday when he disclosed to me the news, you're wanting to postpone school. This came as a stun to me when I heard it. By not going to school, you may get a year's rest and an opportunity to thoroughly consider your choices, however on the off chance that you ever choose to go to school, you will pass up a ton of chances also. I figure you ought to consider setting off for college instead of driving the open street after High School.The data you've learned in High School will be more new in your psyche now than 1 year from now. You have spent 12 years of tutoring, however at this point you trust the time has come to rest and see different places and individuals for a year or more before endeavoring school. School includes 4 additional long stretches of extreme work, yet information learned inside High School can make learning new material simpler for you. Others frequently end up getting diverted they put off the alternative to go to scho ol, that can just impede your capacity to in the long run become a school graduate.College can be a great encounter whenever imparted to companions and individuals of comparative age. By holding up an additional year or two, you will think that its increasingly awkward inside your classes. The whole school experience includes parties, football match-ups, and drinking lager with your mates just as an instruction. As you get into the whole experience and appreciate school, you will comprehend and acknowledge what a school offers.The perfect time for school is presently like never before as you likewise have grants and your folks to help with the costly cash course of action which is required. Guardians can be an incredible assistance in paying for your school, and might be happy to pay considerably more following graduation from High School, than paying 2 years a while later. Grants are constantly useful to understudies, paying for a tad of a costly school.

Opinion paper (types of correctional models) - 275 Words

Opinion paper (Essay Sample) Content: RehabilitationNameInstitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameIntroductionRecidivism is a term derived from the Latin word recidivus which means recurring, as well as the term recido meaning to fall back. This term is essentially used to illustrate an individual who has repeated an undesirable behavior after which they have already been treated, trained to stop the behavior or have already suffered the repercussions of that behavior. (Rainer, 2013) Furthermore, it is used in the field of criminal justice describing inmates who have been released, then rearrested or reconvicted. There are four correctional models that have been implemented to help reduce cases of recidivism. They include: * Medical treatment model which refers to medical intervention prescribed medication aiming at reducing recidivism by reducing biological, biological impulses that led to a particular crime. * Rehabilitation model which is based on assumptions that criminal activity or behavior is caused by some fact ors. * Community model is whereby released inmates are kept under parole in their society whereby they do community service. * Retribution as a form of correction that focuses on evaluating the weight of the crime and it considers punishment proportional to the crime committed. * Justice model limits itself in the administration of punishment appropriate to severity of the crime committed and leads to imprisonment.RehabilitationThis is any measure taken with an aim of changing the offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s character. It is a way of treating offenders via various psychological techniques, counseling, and training. This form of correction model is very effective. To increase its effectiveness the criminal justice should consider implementing measures in prisons so as to reduce rates of recidivism after release. According to experts, twenty percent of inmates have been found to commit crimes because of substance abuse. (Cullen, 1982) Drug abuse in prison and corrective facilities is very ra mpant. For these cases to reduce there should be rampant screening of inmates to verify their health. Measures should be taken to check on their mental health and addiction to substance abuse. (Marieke, 2013)After verification of the root causes of crime, rehabilitation come in hand. It is the best way to reduce recidivism because offenders say drug addicts would go through the process of training and counseling to manage their urge for drugs and in the long run the results are satisfactory as their reliance on drugs ceases. (Rainer, 2013) Thus, the twenty percent of individuals who commit crimes for money to buy drugs will be saved from recidivism since they will have learnt the negative impacts of substance abuse. Furthermore, rehabilitation for inmate addicts has proved to be effective according to scientific studies carried out in the last two decades. This calls for adoption of rehabilitation model as compared to other form of correction models which do not focus on changing be havior of inmates via appreciating their psychology. ( Marieke, 2013)In addition, rehabilitation in some cases has been found to embrace the medical model. They say "two is better than one." This collaboration calls for justification that this form of correction model. It occurs when a person or inmate for this mat...

Operational Strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1132 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2018/12/30 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Organization Essay Did you like this example? Is a consistent pattern of decisions for operations and the associated supply chain that are linked to the business strategy and other functional strategies leading to a competitive advantage for the firm (Roger ,2013).Operation strategies and decisions are meant to fulfill the needs of the business and add competitive advantage to the business.Operational strategy is concerned with the reconciliation of market requirements and operation resources (James, 2017). It involves Satisfying market requirements businesses meet customer needs but remain competitive by setting appropriate performance objectives. Making decisions on the deployment of operational resources which affect the performance objectives of the organization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Operational Strategy" essay for you Create order Any strategy requires an understanding of the dynamics of the market .Electromechanical Company Inc. should do a market research to understand the market needs and dynamics. The market needs inform the company of the issues to be considered. The market research will provide useful information about the competitors, customersexpectations, any missing links between customer expectation and the intensity of the competition. Slack et al (2004) there are five operational objectives. 1) Cost ; ability to produce at low cost Electromechanical Company Inc. could go paperless in all its documentation. Processes of electromechanical Inc. are documented manually and kept for future reference. To enable them save on costs it will be prudent for the company to invest in technology. Records will be stored electronically access electronically. This will improve on the efficiency and speed of retrieving records. 2) Quality: the ability to produce in accordance with customer specification. To ensure quality, there should be inspection of the company products during and after processing and ensure continuous improvements of their processes. Quality is subjective. Quality needs to address product design if it meets the customer requirements and Process quality if the products are error free. 3) Speed: ability to do things quickly in response to customer demands. Ensure timely delivery of the products and services 4) Dependability: The customers should be able to rely on the company to provide the product when needed. 5) Flexibility: The environment changes rapidly. Electrochemical company should be able adapt to the changes quickly. In regards of the product it should be able to change from manufacturing of one product to another. Their products should be easy to customize. Value Added Services Value added services differentiate the organization from others.it helps to foster a good relationship that make customers loyal to the organization. This include Provision of information Electromechanical Company Inc. should provide information about their products when it is required. Problem solving and field support Electromechanical Company Inc. should provide training on usage, free installation and repairs. Inventory management Inventory represents a large percentage of the business and should be well managed to avoid unnecessary losses. Unless inventories are managed they are unreliable inefficient and costly. Inventory management involves planning for the optimum quantities and materials at all stages in the processing cycle.it is critical for electron mechanical Inc. to manage its inventories carefully to avoid unnecessary costs. Costs associated with poor management of inventory include: increased carrying costs, loss of working capital, and stock out costs among others. Electromechanical company Inc. should; Determine the optimum quantities of materials and procedure of review and adjustment if any. Determine the degree of control Plan and design of the inventory control system. Electromechanical Company Inc. to introduce an organizational structure and operating policies for monitoring inventory. These procedures are for ordering and receiving of goods, timing and order placement and keeping track. Just in Time System Electromechanical company Inc. should introduce a just in time system for inventory management. This will ensure that inventory of raw materials and work in progress falls to that needed in a day. Purchasing of inventory should be done electronically through the internet. The internet is changing not only how businesses transact but also how supply chain can be made more efficient. With the availability of internet it is prudent for electromechanical Inc. to develop a database through witch to procure their materials. A database will allow electronica to view a list of suppliers from whom they can place their orders online. Order information is taken and the company is able to see if the product they ordered from is available. If not then it will save them the time to make an order from a different supplier. The database improves coordination between businesses. Online menus are provided to ensure a customer makes the right choice. Information on the shipment and manufacturing status will be provided online. Through this database order placement is made much easier and efficient. Globalization Introduction of the internet has made business to go global. Markets have become global in nature and most companies are operating on an international level. Competition has increased due to globalization businesses are operating beyond territories. Most of the products introduced in the market are global in nature. Considering the diversification of culture in the various countries business decisions have to be handled differently. Each country has its own unique features in terms of technology, processes and cost structure. Global businesses use global strategies to venture into their new markets. Logistics are made at a global level while the supply chain strategy is aimed at achieving a sustainable level. Electromechanical Company Inc., in venturing into the global markets it should develop new strategies that take into consideration all the qualities of a global market. The supply chain strategies should be more global and not feature into a global market with the same strategie s employed locally. Environmental Sustainability Environmental and sustainable development is one of the emerging issues in businesses today.it has become more important in in operations and supply chain objectives. Sustainability aims at eliminating environmental hazards caused by daily to daily running of businesses. Laws and regulations have been legislated to close businesses that are not following the environment safety standards. Supply chain should aim at reducing the environment across all the operations. Sustainability examines all the products development, sourcing, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, transportation, service and end life management.it aims to Eliminate air, water and land pollution Reduce energy consumption Incorporate products reuse Work with suppliers to use recyclable and biodegradable packaging. Electromechanical company Inc. should ensure all its processes are not causing harm to the environment. Their strategy should be developed in line with the aim of conserving the environment. Their products should be packaged, transported and processed in a way that is acceptable with the safety standards and promotes sustainability at all times. Reference List Armstrong, M. (1993). Management Techniques. USA: Nichols Publish. Carton, R., Hofer, C. (2006). Measuring Organizational Performance.Great Britain: Edward Elgar Publishing. Priorities, Management Techniques and Management Accounting. Journal of Accounting, Organizations and Society, 23 (3), Dillman, D. A. (2000). Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (Vol. 2.). New York: Wiley. Denison, D.(2000). Organizational culture: can it be a key lever for driving organizational change.

Case Analysis on Walt Disney - 3122 Words

The history, development and growth of Walt Disney Company over time The Walt Disney Company has matured from the children’s cartoon dream-factory of brothers Roy and Walt Disney into the world’s second largest media conglomerate, behind Time-Warner (Hoover’s).In the year 2005, Robert Iger replaced Micheal Eisner as the CEO of Walt Disney. When Micheal Eisner was CEO: Micheal Eisner had a very centralized management style and expected his managers to develop a five-year and ten year plans for their divisions to predict their future growth. Eisner followed the same strategies he followed in the 1980’s in 1990’s. He build Disney’s strengths in three areas of entertainment and recreation,motion pictures and video and consumer products.†¦show more content†¦The profitability began to fall in 2000s for many reasons. Firstly the animation movie business could not create any blockbuster movies after â€Å"The Lion King† and â€Å"Pocahontas† which would drive up revenues. So to earn more revenues, Disney released â€Å"Pirates of the Caribbean† in 2003, which was a big hit followed by its sequels which were successful too. However other flops had offset the studio entertainments unit’s profits. Secondly there was a shift to produce animated movies using computer-based digital technology in 1990s. Before this technology was introduced Disney distributed Pixar’s films such as Toy Story, Toy Story-2, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo and The Incredibles. The revenues from these movies became the single biggest income source of profits of studio entertainment. However, Steve Jobs Pixar’s CEO, was reluctant to renew contract with Disney which was due to expire in 2005. This was firstly due to unhealthy relationship between him and Eisner and secondly Disney laid off animators which had created the past success which new computer-based technology was introduced. If the contract was not renewed Disney would fall in huge trouble, because more than 40% or a billion of operating income of its movie studios came from Pixar’s success. Disney’s brightest spot was Miramax pictures, but the Weinstein Brothers who had been attributed toShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney Company Case Analysis1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company has been known to more than just t he Americans. It has made a worldwide impact in the entertainment industry for several years. With the popularity of the Walt Disney Company, it was no question for them to expand into something bigger than just their media output. The success of the Disneyland theme park in the USA has made quite an impression internationally. So much so that the number of foreign or non-American citizens visiting the original Disneyland theme park was somethingRead MoreWalt Disney Pixar Case Analysis1439 Words   |  6 PagesLauren Patterson October 7, 2013 Strategic Management 5301 Walt Disney-Pixar Analysis The Walt Disney-Pixar merger carries a number of convincing advantages for Disney, but Pixar shareholders should be less enthusiastic about such a deal. Pixar’s resources and capabilities have set a standard that is extremely difficult to imitate. 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Information Security Technologies-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Define the concepts of symmetric key encryption, public key encryption, and hashing and explain which of these techniques are used for confidentiality and authentication. 2.You are a security administrator responsible for your organization's security. Using the content of the book, describe in detail at least two ways to defend your company from denial of service attacks 3.You are a security administrator responsible for your organization's security, list rules for working in secure areas. Please include how should trash bins be protected? 4.The two types of filtering IDSs use are deep Packet inspection and packet stream analysis, explain why they are important and why they are processing intensive. Answers: 1.Encryption Symmetric key encryption This is a cryptography approach in which the message sender and the receiver share a common single key used for encrypting and decrypting a message. It uses algorithms where similar cryptographic keys are used for both plain text message encryption and cipher-text message decryption. As such, the key is a secret that is shared between the sender and the receiver. Symmetric encryption is used to ensure confidentiality; it helps keep messages secret and unable to be intercepted and decrypted before they reach their destination. The process starts with a sender creating a cipher text through encryption of plain text message using a symmetric encrypting algorithm as well as a shared key. The created cypher text is then sent by the sender as a message to the recipient and the receiver then decrypts the sent encrypted message into plain text using the shared key. There are two parties involved, and only these two parties have the key for the encrypted data and information. The space of a key doubles every time a bit is added to it, meaning that longer keys are much better than shorter keys in ensuring security and confidentiality. Since, for example, people use patterns they can remember to generate passwords, attackers can build dictionaries of passwords that are regularly used for launching attacks (Sikorski, Honig Bejtlich, 2012). The symmetric key that is encrypted can be changed at every instance, creating a session, but changing the keys at every session means an attacker cannot decrypt each and every new session key, thereby enhancing security. There are various symmetric encryption algorithms in use and include Rijndael and Triple DES; they are designed to perform efficiently on common hardware architectures. Symmetric is very simple in nature due to the sharing of the secret key between the sender and recipient. Public key encryption This is the opposite of symmetrical key encryption is is usually termed as asymmetric key encryption where both private and public keys are utilized in data/ message encryption and decryption. It entails using large numbers that are paired together, although the numbers are dissimilar. In the pair, one key is shared with anyone and makes up the public key. However, the other key remains secret and is thus the private key. In public encryption, the strength of the public key encryption system is based on the degree of computational difficulty for a key that is propery generated properly to be established from the corresponding public key. Security then becomes dependent only on ensuring the private key remains private; the public key can be published without any compromises to security. Either the private or public key can be used for message encryption; the opposite key is then used fr data/ message decryption (Cobb, 2016). The public key encryption is employed both for authenticatio n and confidentiality (Buchmann, Karatsiolis Wiesmaier, 2016). Hashing Hashing is the act of transforming character strings into a a shorter value or key with a fixed length to represent the original longer string. It incorporates a mathematical algorithm that maps arbitrary sized data into bit strings with fixed size to create a one way hash function that cannot be inverted. Hashing is used for authentication as an HMAC (keyed hash message authentication). The cryptographic hash function is an algorithm that is run on a specific data such as a password or file; this produces a value that is called checksum. The hashing function is employed in verifying how authentic a piece of information of data is. Two pieces of data or files can be guaranteed to be identical if the checksums that are generated for every file based on the same cryptographic hashing function remain similar. Hashing functions of cryptography are designed so as to prevent reversal of checksums created back into their original texts. However, despite being designed so as not to be revers ed, there are loopholes that can be exploited ton reverse hashes; a rainbow table can be utilized to figure out the plain text of a given checksum. Technically, though, this is not reversing cryptographic hashes but are helpful for passwords that are simple. 2.Secure Networks Implementing strong intrusion detection systems The intrusion detection systems will detect any anomalies in traffic entering the companys network , especially when valid protocols are used by malicious people to as attack vehicles; these would be different to detect by other methods. The detection systems ill act as the first line of defense; it is important that an attack is detected and ascertained, before other measures such as contacting the ISP can be set in motion Implementing firewall and router configuration against DoS attacks This entails configuring network routers in such a way that they stop simple pinging attacks by filtering protocols that are non essential and stopping invalid IP (Internet protocol) addresses. But routers can be ineffective against sophisticated DoS attacks, hence a firewall should also be implemented to work with the routers. The firewall should be updated and patched regularly and set up to shut down specific data flows in a network associated with DoS attacks; hence the need for intrusion detection systems. The router must be set up in a way that it blocks all inbound traffic that have a source address from inside the companys internal networks. This is done because having inbound traffic having source addresses from the companys internal network is a sign of spoofing and spoofing is among the most challenging forms of DoS attacks to stop..or even detect. The routers should also be set to stop all outbound traffic whose source addresses are NOT from the company's internal network ; this is because the companys network should never generate traffic sourced from other different networks as it is possible someone from within the company is spoofing another user on another network (Hosting, 2004). The routers should also be set to stop all outbound and inbound traffic having addresses from private range of addresses as defined in the address allocation for private Internet; such addresses are supposed to be used in internal networks and so they should not be routed over networks using ISPs (Internet service providers). However, ISPs can make mistakes so these should be blocked from the companys networks; this requires Windows automatic address blocking for private IPs should also be enabled. The routers also need to set to block out all packets that are source -routed as this is a classical sign of an attack. Further, the router should be set to block all fragment packets as well as broadcast packets, including all directed broadcasts. This is because while broa dcasts are of use within networks, they have no role between networks. Fragments should not be accepted as they are usually not created and can be used by attackers using Frag-routers to avoid detection in network intrusion. 3.Access Control The procedure for working in secure areas in an ICT environment must first start be limiting and managing physical access to these areas. The integrity of the secure must be maintained by; Confirming and ensuring the access door to the secure area remains locked; before entering, it must have been locked and should also be locked after finishing using the protected area. The door to the protected area should never be left open while working inside the secure IT area Unsupervised access to the secure area such as by contractors doing maintenance should never be allowed; and is such a permission must be given, such as for maintenance technicians, then the administrator must supervise entry, use, and exit of the secure IT area The secure IT area environments integrity must also be maintained; Hazardous material, food, and drinks should never be brought into the secure IT area Nothing should ever be plugged into UPS power outlets, be they vacuum cleaners or power tools; they also should never be plugged into server racks, unused servers, and spare cables power sources. When installing cables in horizontal or vertical conduits, the fire protection systems must either be installed or replaced Actions must be limited to appropriate and authorized activities Approved ITS RFCs (requests for change) must accompany any changes to the IT infrastructure and systems Entry into the secure area such as for checking the status of servers must be specified and actions undertaken only for that specific task/ purpose Equipment or cabinets for which one has no authority/ responsibility should never be opened by the person using the secure IT area Anything out of the ordinary that is observed in the secure IT area, such as UPS or servers sounding the alarm must be reported immediately to the IT service desk Great care must be taken whenever performing routine/ scheduled tasks in the secure IT area not to disturb equipment nearby, for instance ladders should not bump onto IT equipment while being used. The IT service desk must be immediately contacted whenever one accidentally damages, disturbs, or unplugs any equipment in the secure IT area Trash bins must be kept in isolated areas away from IT equipment and should be fastened so they do not topple over. Further, the trash bins need to be lockable, or have a tight fitting lid and be airtight so that the heat and cooling does not cause debris being blown into the air. Access to the secure IT area must be logged If the area is accessed using electronic keys, the key should be scanned always, even if someone has already opened the door and accessed the room to maintain access logs People accessing the secure IT area must sign in when commencing work and the time when the work has been completed using either a log book or an electronic logging device The reason for entry into the secure IT area must always be given including change requests (as applicable) as well as the times when one entered and exited the secure IT room. To reduce the risk/ dangers of individual PCs theft within an organization, the PCs can be locked/ attached on to the work desks and tables using a cable where the cable is wrapped around an applicable area on the table and locked. A device like the Kensington desktop locking kit can be used for this purpose. Every PC must have restricted log-in with a complex password required to log in to the PC; for very sensitive computers, the log-in should incorporate a two step log-n process where the person also receives a specific code through their mobile devices to enable them use their strong password to log into the computer (Shinder, 2007) 4.Firewalls Firewalls are put in place to stop malicious code from gaining access into a network; most firewalls use the stateful packet inspection (SPI) system. The SPI works at the OSI models outer layer and examines basic information within data packets, for instance, the packet footers and headers and the process also determines if data packets belong to valid sessions and the firewall determines whether the data packet should enter into the network or not. But SPI has several flaws, and is essentially a basic gatekeeper for checking headers and footers in data packets; as such it does not provide information on what is contained in the packet and if its a part of a bigger transmission. For this reason, Deep packet inspection (DPI) was introduced; apart from looking at headers and footers, it also examines the content of data packets to seek out predefined criteria and illegal statements. This makes it possible for the firewall to make decisions that are more informed on whether to allow or block the packet from getting through based on this information (its content). DPI therefore goes deeper into data packets and this makes it possible to make better determination on the content of data packets before being allowed entry into a network (Tzu-Fang, Nen-Fu Hsiao-Ping, 2010). DPI disassembles incoming data packets, examines their data (payload), and makes comparisons of this data with predefined criteria, before re-assembling the data packet for transmission or alternatively, rejects it. DPI uses signature matching as well as stealth payload detection to examine and validate data. However, DPI does much more than just data packet examination; the information contained in the DPI is used by other network security management tools to better understand network traffic. This helps unify the management of network and application performance into a single event. This creates additional value for better troubleshooting as a network manager can view a complete picture of netwo rk traffic and determine causes of issues with network performance. The additional information offered by the DPI can be used for network analytics, network trending, and for forensics. Therefore, DPI in firewall operation serves the function of improving network security through increased and detailed examination and detection, while also providing data and information for network performance management Packet stream analysis refers to an evaluation of data streams (several data packets) to evaluate the communication patterns in computer networks. Packet stream analysis entails the capture and examination of data within a network to deduce information from the examined communications patterns. A packet stream refers to a stream of network traffic having common identifiers and is defined by traffic with a similar source IP, protocol, destination IP, source port as well as a destination port. The packet stream analysis evaluates these parameters and if there is a change, new flows are defined. This analysis is essential in troubleshooting problems within a network, such as issues to do with congestion and help with intrusion detection (Asarin, Sabelfeld, Meier Gollmann, 2006). The packet stream analysis also helps rules for intrusion detection and firewall rules; it is also important in undertaking threat and incident detection, all to ensure networks remain safe and avid attacks suc h as denial of service, malware attacks, and cyber attacks to computer networks; while also providing tools for better network management and troubleshooting of responses. These processes are very resource intensive (memory and CPU) because they involve capturing, analyzing and processing, and reassembly for large amounts of data such as 10 Gigabits per second, which is a high throughput; this consumes a lot o CPU and memory power. References Asarin, E. A., Sabelfeld, A., Meier, J., Gollmann, D. (2006). Computer Security - ESORICS 2006: 11th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Hamburg, Germany, September 18-20, 2006, Proceedings. (Springer e-books.) Berlin Heidelberg: Springer- Verlag. Buchmann, J. A., Karatsiolis, E. Wiesmaier, A. (2016). Introduction to Public KeyInfrastructures. Berlin, Springer-Verlag GmbH. Hosting, P. F. (2004, June 24). How to defend against DDoS attacks. Retrieved August 26, 2017, from https://www.computerworld.com/article/2564424/security0/how-to-defend-against- ddos-attacks.html Shinder, D. (2007). 10 physical security measures every organization should take. Retrieved August 26, 2017, from https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-physical-security-measures- every-organization-should-take/ Sikorski, M., Honig, A., Bejtlich, R. (2012). Practical malware analysis: The hands-on guide to dissecting malicious software. San Francisco: No Starch Press. Tzu-Fang, S., Nen-Fu, H., Hsiao-Ping, L. (April 01, 2010). In-Depth Packet Inspection Using a Hierarchical Pattern Matching Algorithm. Ieee Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 7, 2, 175-188.