The microsoft case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The microsoft case - Assignment Example onopolizing, endeavors for imposing business model, scheming or consolidating with others with the thought process to consume some portion of aâ tradeâ among a few States. Be that as it may, Microsoft was targeting picking up the imposing business model force in the PC showcase (Economides, 2001). Yes, I do concur that Microsoft was attempting to pick up imposing business model force in the PC programming industry. Microsoft mismanaged the chance of being the main market holder in the PC business, which prompted antitrust conduct examinations. The Company had overseen toâ attainâ 95% piece of the overall industry through antitrust practices (Brinkley and Lohr, 2000). The reports prompted theâ investigationâ for deciding if Microsoft is targeting setting up a restraining infrastructure in the market of the program. There have been various realities demonstrating that Microsoft was makingâ effortsâ monopolizeâ theâ industryâ of programming. The production of Microsoft Office as a bundle that contains bundles that areâ entirelyâ assisting theâ professionalâ was an intentional move to corner the market. Microsoftâ was additionally suedâ due to building up a working framework that had Windows Media Player; along these lines, drawing in the genuine media player in uncalled for rivalry (Brinkley and Lohr, 2000). In Monopoly advertises, Companies have marketâ power in given sections thatâ involveâ theâ productionâ of products. The Monopolies are likewise the value creators of the items delivered. For the situation where Government Monopolyâ is included, the administration controls openness to creation. The Government restraining infrastructure identifies with an imposing business model of government collaboration or an organization. Notwithstanding, there are Pros and cons to the normal imposing business model. The characteristic imposing business model outcomes because of organizations that require a high beginning up costs so as to work in a given business. To the organization, restraining infrastructure guarantees that superfluous rivalry is maintained a strategic distance from; this outcomes to expanded minimal income andâ strong brand name (Tucker, 2010). Syndication guarantees that an association appreciates economies of scale

Is the internet a tool for greater democratization in Asia Essay Example

Is the web a device for more noteworthy democratization in Asia? Article As Asia anticipates a dynamic future, the advances of mass correspondence will assume a significant job. As of right now, it is the Internet, with its different types of data dispersal. However, as this medium turns out to be progressively basic spot, the wielders of intensity will endeavor to put limitations on its utilization. Experimental proof shows that the Internet can be effectively controlled. An a valid example is the exceptional concessions that Yahoo Inc. was constrained to make to encourage requirement of nearby laws. In the event that neighborhood laws are not upheld through the Internet, the specialist co-ops might be compelled to receive the most severe among them with an end goal to penetrate none. Yet, this is just speculative and all things considered, the most liberal (the least prohibitive) among the arrangement of national laws would be picked. Truth be told, during the most recent couple of long periods of the twentieth century, when the Internet was developing and merging, it was at its generally liberal and least controlled (Milton Mueller, 2007). This period saw the ascent of a few dynamic developments for social change, overwhelmingly in the landmasses of Latin America and Asia, which benefited of the Internet’s potential to sort out individuals at the grassroots and declare their motivation. An exemplary model is the achievement of World Social Forum (WSF), a yearly occasion composed by countries in the worldwide south to talk about political change and social advancement. The Internet has had a significant job in bringing these dispersed networks over the Third World together. For most Asian nations, the WSF is a higher priority than the World Economic Forum (WEF). While unregulated Internet can possibly subvert administrative position, they do give other advantageous chances (Milton Mueller, 2007). The issue of controlling web content is exceptionally hostile, given the exponential development in Asia, for both business and educational purposes. A contextual analysis of Asia’s most encouraging nation †China †and its government’s perspective on the Internet would serve to outline the more extensive issues relating to majority rule government in the period of Internet. The instance of Chinese government’s command over Internet content in the nation has pulled in much analysis from human rights advocates. All inner correspondence of Chinese residents are observed and separated for content that could be conceivably incendiary. This implied those indigenous Tibetans who despite everything dwell in Tibetan Autonomous Region, can't voice their sentiments on this argumentative issue. This concealment of free discourse is especially odd, given that the Internet has filled in as an instrument for advancing common freedoms and dynamic causes in the remainder of the world. Such severe inclinations in Asia’s most encouraging country sell out an absence of connection between's financial flourishing and worldwide acknowledgment from one perspective and brutal inside social real factors on the other (Dickson, 2006). We will compose a custom exposition test on Is the web an apparatus for more noteworthy democratization in Asia? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Is the web an apparatus for more prominent democratization in Asia? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Is the web an apparatus for more prominent democratization in Asia? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In any case, it is an indication of progress in Asia, that through a similar mode of correspondence ousted Tibetans have sorted out their fights and shows against the dictatorship of the Communist Party in China. For example, ahead of the pack up to the Olympic Games in Beijing a year ago, the Chinese specialists made some extreme memories managing Tibetan dissenters. The intensity of new computerized innovation to encourage genuine political dispute is something that should be saved and energized. Independent of the way that Tibet had generally been a primitive society ridden with persecution and severity, unbiased political analysts over the world concur that the Tibetan battle for freedom from China isn't irrational. On the off chance that a little gathering of ousted Tibetans can make such legitimate political explanations, the incorporation of Tibetans despite everything living in the level in this procedure may have prompted considerable political changes, which proceeds to rec ommend that dynamic political advances in Asia will discover more prominent articulation if innovative progression is utilized helpfully. From this Tibetan model, one can plainly perceive how a free Internet will support social equity and majority rule government in Asia and past (Goldsmith Wu, 2006). References: Abuza, Zachary., â€Å"Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiya.† Contemporary Southeast Asia 25, no. 2 (2003): 169+. Bellamy, Alex J. â€Å"Terrorism, Freedom and Security: Winning without War.† The Australian Journal of Politics and History 50, no. 1 (2004): 153+. Brimley, Shawn. â€Å"Tentacles of Jihad: Targeting Transnational Support Networks.† Parameters 36, no. 2 (2006): 30+. Chehab, Zaki. â€Å"Al-Qaeda: Still a Step Ahead; Why the Organizational Skills of Osama Bin Laden and His Deputy Ayman Al-Zawahiri Continue to Outwit the West.†, New Statesman, July 3, 2006, 37. De Castro, Renato Cruz. 2004. Tending to International Terrorism in Southeast Asia: A Matter of Strategic or Functional Approach?. Contemporary Southeast Asia 26, no. 2: 193+. Snyder, Craig A. 2006., Southeast Asian Perceptions of Australia’s Foreign Policy. Contemporary Southeast Asia 28, no. 2: 322+. . Dickson, B. J. (2006)., The Chinese Communist Party in Reform. Pacific Affairs, 79(4), 672+., Razack, Sherene, 2006, Civil Society and Its Enemies; The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 52, 11+ Bendle, Mervyn F., 2005, Geopolitics, Culture Clash and Gender; Social Justice, Vol. 32, 115+ Jack Goldsmith Timothy Wu, 2006, Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World. Milton Mueller, 2007, The New Cyber-Conservatism: Goldsmith/Wu and the Premature Triumphalism of the Territorial Nation-State. The Free the Children Initiative is a genuinely necessary social task. It intends to liberate kids in creating countries from reinforced work and different types of misuse. The brainchild of Craig Keilburger, the task has pulled in open consideration in the United States and the remainder of the created world. The significance of such an activity can't be exaggerated, for in the period of globalization, it is terribly unreasonable how youngsters experiencing childhood in various pieces of the world experience notably extraordinary standard of life. The most significant message of the activity is the means by which kids from one piece of the world assistance their partners in another piece of the world. Along these lines, a feeling of worldwide solidarity and organization is incorporated with kids at an exceptionally youthful age. The Free the Children (FTC) †India Initiative has the essential target of freeing youngsters from kid work. Be that as it may, this can't be accomplished in seclusion from social and financial elements that power youngsters into work. .

Argumentative Essay About College :: Education College

Dear Ben,Hey Ben! I was conversing with Sean yesterday when he disclosed to me the news, you're intending to defer school. This came as a stun to me when I heard it. By not going to school, you may get a year's rest and an opportunity to thoroughly consider your choices, however in the event that you ever choose to go to school, you will pass up a great deal of chances also. I figure you ought to consider attending a university as opposed to driving the open street after High School.The data you've learned in High School will be more new in your brain now than 1 year from now. You have spent 12 years of tutoring, however at this point you trust the time has come to rest and see different places and individuals for a year or more before endeavoring school. School includes 4 additional long stretches of exceptional work, yet information learned inside High School can make learning new material simpler for you. Others frequently wind up getting derailed they put off the alternative to g o to school, that can just upset your capacity to in the long run become a school graduate.College can be a pleasant encounter whenever imparted to companions and individuals of comparative age. By holding up an additional year or two, you will think that its progressively awkward inside your classes. The whole school experience includes parties, football match-ups, and drinking lager with your mates just as a training. As you get into the whole experience and appreciate school, you will comprehend and acknowledge what a school offers.The perfect time for school is currently like never before as you likewise have grants and your folks to help with the costly cash game plan which is required. Guardians can be an extraordinary assistance in paying for your school, and might be eager to pay significantly more following graduation from High School, than paying 2 years a short time later. Grants are constantly useful to understudies, paying for a tad of a costly school. Factious Essay About College :: Education College Dear Ben,Hey Ben! I was chatting with Sean yesterday when he disclosed to me the news, you're wanting to postpone school. This came as a stun to me when I heard it. By not going to school, you may get a year's rest and an opportunity to thoroughly consider your choices, however on the off chance that you ever choose to go to school, you will pass up a ton of chances also. I figure you ought to consider setting off for college instead of driving the open street after High School.The data you've learned in High School will be more new in your psyche now than 1 year from now. You have spent 12 years of tutoring, however at this point you trust the time has come to rest and see different places and individuals for a year or more before endeavoring school. School includes 4 additional long stretches of extreme work, yet information learned inside High School can make learning new material simpler for you. Others frequently end up getting diverted they put off the alternative to go to scho ol, that can just impede your capacity to in the long run become a school graduate.College can be a great encounter whenever imparted to companions and individuals of comparative age. By holding up an additional year or two, you will think that its increasingly awkward inside your classes. The whole school experience includes parties, football match-ups, and drinking lager with your mates just as an instruction. As you get into the whole experience and appreciate school, you will comprehend and acknowledge what a school offers.The perfect time for school is presently like never before as you likewise have grants and your folks to help with the costly cash course of action which is required. Guardians can be an incredible assistance in paying for your school, and might be happy to pay considerably more following graduation from High School, than paying 2 years a while later. Grants are constantly useful to understudies, paying for a tad of a costly school.

Opinion paper (types of correctional models) - 275 Words

Opinion paper (Essay Sample) Content: RehabilitationNameInstitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameIntroductionRecidivism is a term derived from the Latin word recidivus which means recurring, as well as the term recido meaning to fall back. This term is essentially used to illustrate an individual who has repeated an undesirable behavior after which they have already been treated, trained to stop the behavior or have already suffered the repercussions of that behavior. (Rainer, 2013) Furthermore, it is used in the field of criminal justice describing inmates who have been released, then rearrested or reconvicted. There are four correctional models that have been implemented to help reduce cases of recidivism. They include: * Medical treatment model which refers to medical intervention prescribed medication aiming at reducing recidivism by reducing biological, biological impulses that led to a particular crime. * Rehabilitation model which is based on assumptions that criminal activity or behavior is caused by some fact ors. * Community model is whereby released inmates are kept under parole in their society whereby they do community service. * Retribution as a form of correction that focuses on evaluating the weight of the crime and it considers punishment proportional to the crime committed. * Justice model limits itself in the administration of punishment appropriate to severity of the crime committed and leads to imprisonment.RehabilitationThis is any measure taken with an aim of changing the offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s character. It is a way of treating offenders via various psychological techniques, counseling, and training. This form of correction model is very effective. To increase its effectiveness the criminal justice should consider implementing measures in prisons so as to reduce rates of recidivism after release. According to experts, twenty percent of inmates have been found to commit crimes because of substance abuse. (Cullen, 1982) Drug abuse in prison and corrective facilities is very ra mpant. For these cases to reduce there should be rampant screening of inmates to verify their health. Measures should be taken to check on their mental health and addiction to substance abuse. (Marieke, 2013)After verification of the root causes of crime, rehabilitation come in hand. It is the best way to reduce recidivism because offenders say drug addicts would go through the process of training and counseling to manage their urge for drugs and in the long run the results are satisfactory as their reliance on drugs ceases. (Rainer, 2013) Thus, the twenty percent of individuals who commit crimes for money to buy drugs will be saved from recidivism since they will have learnt the negative impacts of substance abuse. Furthermore, rehabilitation for inmate addicts has proved to be effective according to scientific studies carried out in the last two decades. This calls for adoption of rehabilitation model as compared to other form of correction models which do not focus on changing be havior of inmates via appreciating their psychology. ( Marieke, 2013)In addition, rehabilitation in some cases has been found to embrace the medical model. They say "two is better than one." This collaboration calls for justification that this form of correction model. It occurs when a person or inmate for this mat...

Operational Strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1132 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2018/12/30 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Organization Essay Did you like this example? Is a consistent pattern of decisions for operations and the associated supply chain that are linked to the business strategy and other functional strategies leading to a competitive advantage for the firm (Roger ,2013).Operation strategies and decisions are meant to fulfill the needs of the business and add competitive advantage to the business.Operational strategy is concerned with the reconciliation of market requirements and operation resources (James, 2017). It involves Satisfying market requirements businesses meet customer needs but remain competitive by setting appropriate performance objectives. Making decisions on the deployment of operational resources which affect the performance objectives of the organization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Operational Strategy" essay for you Create order Any strategy requires an understanding of the dynamics of the market .Electromechanical Company Inc. should do a market research to understand the market needs and dynamics. The market needs inform the company of the issues to be considered. The market research will provide useful information about the competitors, customersexpectations, any missing links between customer expectation and the intensity of the competition. Slack et al (2004) there are five operational objectives. 1) Cost ; ability to produce at low cost Electromechanical Company Inc. could go paperless in all its documentation. Processes of electromechanical Inc. are documented manually and kept for future reference. To enable them save on costs it will be prudent for the company to invest in technology. Records will be stored electronically access electronically. This will improve on the efficiency and speed of retrieving records. 2) Quality: the ability to produce in accordance with customer specification. To ensure quality, there should be inspection of the company products during and after processing and ensure continuous improvements of their processes. Quality is subjective. Quality needs to address product design if it meets the customer requirements and Process quality if the products are error free. 3) Speed: ability to do things quickly in response to customer demands. Ensure timely delivery of the products and services 4) Dependability: The customers should be able to rely on the company to provide the product when needed. 5) Flexibility: The environment changes rapidly. Electrochemical company should be able adapt to the changes quickly. In regards of the product it should be able to change from manufacturing of one product to another. Their products should be easy to customize. Value Added Services Value added services differentiate the organization from others.it helps to foster a good relationship that make customers loyal to the organization. This include Provision of information Electromechanical Company Inc. should provide information about their products when it is required. Problem solving and field support Electromechanical Company Inc. should provide training on usage, free installation and repairs. Inventory management Inventory represents a large percentage of the business and should be well managed to avoid unnecessary losses. Unless inventories are managed they are unreliable inefficient and costly. Inventory management involves planning for the optimum quantities and materials at all stages in the processing cycle.it is critical for electron mechanical Inc. to manage its inventories carefully to avoid unnecessary costs. Costs associated with poor management of inventory include: increased carrying costs, loss of working capital, and stock out costs among others. Electromechanical company Inc. should; Determine the optimum quantities of materials and procedure of review and adjustment if any. Determine the degree of control Plan and design of the inventory control system. Electromechanical Company Inc. to introduce an organizational structure and operating policies for monitoring inventory. These procedures are for ordering and receiving of goods, timing and order placement and keeping track. Just in Time System Electromechanical company Inc. should introduce a just in time system for inventory management. This will ensure that inventory of raw materials and work in progress falls to that needed in a day. Purchasing of inventory should be done electronically through the internet. The internet is changing not only how businesses transact but also how supply chain can be made more efficient. With the availability of internet it is prudent for electromechanical Inc. to develop a database through witch to procure their materials. A database will allow electronica to view a list of suppliers from whom they can place their orders online. Order information is taken and the company is able to see if the product they ordered from is available. If not then it will save them the time to make an order from a different supplier. The database improves coordination between businesses. Online menus are provided to ensure a customer makes the right choice. Information on the shipment and manufacturing status will be provided online. Through this database order placement is made much easier and efficient. Globalization Introduction of the internet has made business to go global. Markets have become global in nature and most companies are operating on an international level. Competition has increased due to globalization businesses are operating beyond territories. Most of the products introduced in the market are global in nature. Considering the diversification of culture in the various countries business decisions have to be handled differently. Each country has its own unique features in terms of technology, processes and cost structure. Global businesses use global strategies to venture into their new markets. Logistics are made at a global level while the supply chain strategy is aimed at achieving a sustainable level. Electromechanical Company Inc., in venturing into the global markets it should develop new strategies that take into consideration all the qualities of a global market. The supply chain strategies should be more global and not feature into a global market with the same strategie s employed locally. Environmental Sustainability Environmental and sustainable development is one of the emerging issues in businesses today.it has become more important in in operations and supply chain objectives. Sustainability aims at eliminating environmental hazards caused by daily to daily running of businesses. Laws and regulations have been legislated to close businesses that are not following the environment safety standards. Supply chain should aim at reducing the environment across all the operations. Sustainability examines all the products development, sourcing, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, transportation, service and end life management.it aims to Eliminate air, water and land pollution Reduce energy consumption Incorporate products reuse Work with suppliers to use recyclable and biodegradable packaging. Electromechanical company Inc. should ensure all its processes are not causing harm to the environment. Their strategy should be developed in line with the aim of conserving the environment. Their products should be packaged, transported and processed in a way that is acceptable with the safety standards and promotes sustainability at all times. Reference List Armstrong, M. (1993). Management Techniques. USA: Nichols Publish. Carton, R., Hofer, C. (2006). Measuring Organizational Performance.Great Britain: Edward Elgar Publishing. Priorities, Management Techniques and Management Accounting. Journal of Accounting, Organizations and Society, 23 (3), Dillman, D. A. (2000). Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (Vol. 2.). New York: Wiley. Denison, D.(2000). Organizational culture: can it be a key lever for driving organizational change.

Case Analysis on Walt Disney - 3122 Words

The history, development and growth of Walt Disney Company over time The Walt Disney Company has matured from the children’s cartoon dream-factory of brothers Roy and Walt Disney into the world’s second largest media conglomerate, behind Time-Warner (Hoover’s).In the year 2005, Robert Iger replaced Micheal Eisner as the CEO of Walt Disney. When Micheal Eisner was CEO: Micheal Eisner had a very centralized management style and expected his managers to develop a five-year and ten year plans for their divisions to predict their future growth. Eisner followed the same strategies he followed in the 1980’s in 1990’s. He build Disney’s strengths in three areas of entertainment and recreation,motion pictures and video and consumer products.†¦show more content†¦The profitability began to fall in 2000s for many reasons. Firstly the animation movie business could not create any blockbuster movies after â€Å"The Lion King† and â€Å"Pocahontas† which would drive up revenues. So to earn more revenues, Disney released â€Å"Pirates of the Caribbean† in 2003, which was a big hit followed by its sequels which were successful too. However other flops had offset the studio entertainments unit’s profits. Secondly there was a shift to produce animated movies using computer-based digital technology in 1990s. Before this technology was introduced Disney distributed Pixar’s films such as Toy Story, Toy Story-2, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo and The Incredibles. The revenues from these movies became the single biggest income source of profits of studio entertainment. However, Steve Jobs Pixar’s CEO, was reluctant to renew contract with Disney which was due to expire in 2005. This was firstly due to unhealthy relationship between him and Eisner and secondly Disney laid off animators which had created the past success which new computer-based technology was introduced. If the contract was not renewed Disney would fall in huge trouble, because more than 40% or a billion of operating income of its movie studios came from Pixar’s success. Disney’s brightest spot was Miramax pictures, but the Weinstein Brothers who had been attributed toShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney Company Case Analysis1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company has been known to more than just t he Americans. It has made a worldwide impact in the entertainment industry for several years. With the popularity of the Walt Disney Company, it was no question for them to expand into something bigger than just their media output. The success of the Disneyland theme park in the USA has made quite an impression internationally. So much so that the number of foreign or non-American citizens visiting the original Disneyland theme park was somethingRead MoreWalt Disney Pixar Case Analysis1439 Words   |  6 PagesLauren Patterson October 7, 2013 Strategic Management 5301 Walt Disney-Pixar Analysis The Walt Disney-Pixar merger carries a number of convincing advantages for Disney, but Pixar shareholders should be less enthusiastic about such a deal. Pixar’s resources and capabilities have set a standard that is extremely difficult to imitate. 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Information Security Technologies-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Define the concepts of symmetric key encryption, public key encryption, and hashing and explain which of these techniques are used for confidentiality and authentication. 2.You are a security administrator responsible for your organization's security. Using the content of the book, describe in detail at least two ways to defend your company from denial of service attacks 3.You are a security administrator responsible for your organization's security, list rules for working in secure areas. Please include how should trash bins be protected? 4.The two types of filtering IDSs use are deep Packet inspection and packet stream analysis, explain why they are important and why they are processing intensive. Answers: 1.Encryption Symmetric key encryption This is a cryptography approach in which the message sender and the receiver share a common single key used for encrypting and decrypting a message. It uses algorithms where similar cryptographic keys are used for both plain text message encryption and cipher-text message decryption. As such, the key is a secret that is shared between the sender and the receiver. Symmetric encryption is used to ensure confidentiality; it helps keep messages secret and unable to be intercepted and decrypted before they reach their destination. The process starts with a sender creating a cipher text through encryption of plain text message using a symmetric encrypting algorithm as well as a shared key. The created cypher text is then sent by the sender as a message to the recipient and the receiver then decrypts the sent encrypted message into plain text using the shared key. There are two parties involved, and only these two parties have the key for the encrypted data and information. The space of a key doubles every time a bit is added to it, meaning that longer keys are much better than shorter keys in ensuring security and confidentiality. Since, for example, people use patterns they can remember to generate passwords, attackers can build dictionaries of passwords that are regularly used for launching attacks (Sikorski, Honig Bejtlich, 2012). The symmetric key that is encrypted can be changed at every instance, creating a session, but changing the keys at every session means an attacker cannot decrypt each and every new session key, thereby enhancing security. There are various symmetric encryption algorithms in use and include Rijndael and Triple DES; they are designed to perform efficiently on common hardware architectures. Symmetric is very simple in nature due to the sharing of the secret key between the sender and recipient. Public key encryption This is the opposite of symmetrical key encryption is is usually termed as asymmetric key encryption where both private and public keys are utilized in data/ message encryption and decryption. It entails using large numbers that are paired together, although the numbers are dissimilar. In the pair, one key is shared with anyone and makes up the public key. However, the other key remains secret and is thus the private key. In public encryption, the strength of the public key encryption system is based on the degree of computational difficulty for a key that is propery generated properly to be established from the corresponding public key. Security then becomes dependent only on ensuring the private key remains private; the public key can be published without any compromises to security. Either the private or public key can be used for message encryption; the opposite key is then used fr data/ message decryption (Cobb, 2016). The public key encryption is employed both for authenticatio n and confidentiality (Buchmann, Karatsiolis Wiesmaier, 2016). Hashing Hashing is the act of transforming character strings into a a shorter value or key with a fixed length to represent the original longer string. It incorporates a mathematical algorithm that maps arbitrary sized data into bit strings with fixed size to create a one way hash function that cannot be inverted. Hashing is used for authentication as an HMAC (keyed hash message authentication). The cryptographic hash function is an algorithm that is run on a specific data such as a password or file; this produces a value that is called checksum. The hashing function is employed in verifying how authentic a piece of information of data is. Two pieces of data or files can be guaranteed to be identical if the checksums that are generated for every file based on the same cryptographic hashing function remain similar. Hashing functions of cryptography are designed so as to prevent reversal of checksums created back into their original texts. However, despite being designed so as not to be revers ed, there are loopholes that can be exploited ton reverse hashes; a rainbow table can be utilized to figure out the plain text of a given checksum. Technically, though, this is not reversing cryptographic hashes but are helpful for passwords that are simple. 2.Secure Networks Implementing strong intrusion detection systems The intrusion detection systems will detect any anomalies in traffic entering the companys network , especially when valid protocols are used by malicious people to as attack vehicles; these would be different to detect by other methods. The detection systems ill act as the first line of defense; it is important that an attack is detected and ascertained, before other measures such as contacting the ISP can be set in motion Implementing firewall and router configuration against DoS attacks This entails configuring network routers in such a way that they stop simple pinging attacks by filtering protocols that are non essential and stopping invalid IP (Internet protocol) addresses. But routers can be ineffective against sophisticated DoS attacks, hence a firewall should also be implemented to work with the routers. The firewall should be updated and patched regularly and set up to shut down specific data flows in a network associated with DoS attacks; hence the need for intrusion detection systems. The router must be set up in a way that it blocks all inbound traffic that have a source address from inside the companys internal networks. This is done because having inbound traffic having source addresses from the companys internal network is a sign of spoofing and spoofing is among the most challenging forms of DoS attacks to stop..or even detect. The routers should also be set to stop all outbound traffic whose source addresses are NOT from the company's internal network ; this is because the companys network should never generate traffic sourced from other different networks as it is possible someone from within the company is spoofing another user on another network (Hosting, 2004). The routers should also be set to stop all outbound and inbound traffic having addresses from private range of addresses as defined in the address allocation for private Internet; such addresses are supposed to be used in internal networks and so they should not be routed over networks using ISPs (Internet service providers). However, ISPs can make mistakes so these should be blocked from the companys networks; this requires Windows automatic address blocking for private IPs should also be enabled. The routers also need to set to block out all packets that are source -routed as this is a classical sign of an attack. Further, the router should be set to block all fragment packets as well as broadcast packets, including all directed broadcasts. This is because while broa dcasts are of use within networks, they have no role between networks. Fragments should not be accepted as they are usually not created and can be used by attackers using Frag-routers to avoid detection in network intrusion. 3.Access Control The procedure for working in secure areas in an ICT environment must first start be limiting and managing physical access to these areas. The integrity of the secure must be maintained by; Confirming and ensuring the access door to the secure area remains locked; before entering, it must have been locked and should also be locked after finishing using the protected area. The door to the protected area should never be left open while working inside the secure IT area Unsupervised access to the secure area such as by contractors doing maintenance should never be allowed; and is such a permission must be given, such as for maintenance technicians, then the administrator must supervise entry, use, and exit of the secure IT area The secure IT area environments integrity must also be maintained; Hazardous material, food, and drinks should never be brought into the secure IT area Nothing should ever be plugged into UPS power outlets, be they vacuum cleaners or power tools; they also should never be plugged into server racks, unused servers, and spare cables power sources. When installing cables in horizontal or vertical conduits, the fire protection systems must either be installed or replaced Actions must be limited to appropriate and authorized activities Approved ITS RFCs (requests for change) must accompany any changes to the IT infrastructure and systems Entry into the secure area such as for checking the status of servers must be specified and actions undertaken only for that specific task/ purpose Equipment or cabinets for which one has no authority/ responsibility should never be opened by the person using the secure IT area Anything out of the ordinary that is observed in the secure IT area, such as UPS or servers sounding the alarm must be reported immediately to the IT service desk Great care must be taken whenever performing routine/ scheduled tasks in the secure IT area not to disturb equipment nearby, for instance ladders should not bump onto IT equipment while being used. The IT service desk must be immediately contacted whenever one accidentally damages, disturbs, or unplugs any equipment in the secure IT area Trash bins must be kept in isolated areas away from IT equipment and should be fastened so they do not topple over. Further, the trash bins need to be lockable, or have a tight fitting lid and be airtight so that the heat and cooling does not cause debris being blown into the air. Access to the secure IT area must be logged If the area is accessed using electronic keys, the key should be scanned always, even if someone has already opened the door and accessed the room to maintain access logs People accessing the secure IT area must sign in when commencing work and the time when the work has been completed using either a log book or an electronic logging device The reason for entry into the secure IT area must always be given including change requests (as applicable) as well as the times when one entered and exited the secure IT room. To reduce the risk/ dangers of individual PCs theft within an organization, the PCs can be locked/ attached on to the work desks and tables using a cable where the cable is wrapped around an applicable area on the table and locked. A device like the Kensington desktop locking kit can be used for this purpose. Every PC must have restricted log-in with a complex password required to log in to the PC; for very sensitive computers, the log-in should incorporate a two step log-n process where the person also receives a specific code through their mobile devices to enable them use their strong password to log into the computer (Shinder, 2007) 4.Firewalls Firewalls are put in place to stop malicious code from gaining access into a network; most firewalls use the stateful packet inspection (SPI) system. The SPI works at the OSI models outer layer and examines basic information within data packets, for instance, the packet footers and headers and the process also determines if data packets belong to valid sessions and the firewall determines whether the data packet should enter into the network or not. But SPI has several flaws, and is essentially a basic gatekeeper for checking headers and footers in data packets; as such it does not provide information on what is contained in the packet and if its a part of a bigger transmission. For this reason, Deep packet inspection (DPI) was introduced; apart from looking at headers and footers, it also examines the content of data packets to seek out predefined criteria and illegal statements. This makes it possible for the firewall to make decisions that are more informed on whether to allow or block the packet from getting through based on this information (its content). DPI therefore goes deeper into data packets and this makes it possible to make better determination on the content of data packets before being allowed entry into a network (Tzu-Fang, Nen-Fu Hsiao-Ping, 2010). DPI disassembles incoming data packets, examines their data (payload), and makes comparisons of this data with predefined criteria, before re-assembling the data packet for transmission or alternatively, rejects it. DPI uses signature matching as well as stealth payload detection to examine and validate data. However, DPI does much more than just data packet examination; the information contained in the DPI is used by other network security management tools to better understand network traffic. This helps unify the management of network and application performance into a single event. This creates additional value for better troubleshooting as a network manager can view a complete picture of netwo rk traffic and determine causes of issues with network performance. The additional information offered by the DPI can be used for network analytics, network trending, and for forensics. Therefore, DPI in firewall operation serves the function of improving network security through increased and detailed examination and detection, while also providing data and information for network performance management Packet stream analysis refers to an evaluation of data streams (several data packets) to evaluate the communication patterns in computer networks. Packet stream analysis entails the capture and examination of data within a network to deduce information from the examined communications patterns. A packet stream refers to a stream of network traffic having common identifiers and is defined by traffic with a similar source IP, protocol, destination IP, source port as well as a destination port. The packet stream analysis evaluates these parameters and if there is a change, new flows are defined. This analysis is essential in troubleshooting problems within a network, such as issues to do with congestion and help with intrusion detection (Asarin, Sabelfeld, Meier Gollmann, 2006). The packet stream analysis also helps rules for intrusion detection and firewall rules; it is also important in undertaking threat and incident detection, all to ensure networks remain safe and avid attacks suc h as denial of service, malware attacks, and cyber attacks to computer networks; while also providing tools for better network management and troubleshooting of responses. These processes are very resource intensive (memory and CPU) because they involve capturing, analyzing and processing, and reassembly for large amounts of data such as 10 Gigabits per second, which is a high throughput; this consumes a lot o CPU and memory power. References Asarin, E. A., Sabelfeld, A., Meier, J., Gollmann, D. (2006). Computer Security - ESORICS 2006: 11th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Hamburg, Germany, September 18-20, 2006, Proceedings. (Springer e-books.) Berlin Heidelberg: Springer- Verlag. Buchmann, J. A., Karatsiolis, E. Wiesmaier, A. (2016). Introduction to Public KeyInfrastructures. Berlin, Springer-Verlag GmbH. Hosting, P. F. (2004, June 24). How to defend against DDoS attacks. Retrieved August 26, 2017, from https://www.computerworld.com/article/2564424/security0/how-to-defend-against- ddos-attacks.html Shinder, D. (2007). 10 physical security measures every organization should take. Retrieved August 26, 2017, from https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-physical-security-measures- every-organization-should-take/ Sikorski, M., Honig, A., Bejtlich, R. (2012). Practical malware analysis: The hands-on guide to dissecting malicious software. San Francisco: No Starch Press. Tzu-Fang, S., Nen-Fu, H., Hsiao-Ping, L. (April 01, 2010). In-Depth Packet Inspection Using a Hierarchical Pattern Matching Algorithm. Ieee Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 7, 2, 175-188.

To investigate whether the amount of paper cup cake holders affects the time taken to fall a certain distance Essay Example

To investigate whether the amount of paper cup cake holders affects the time taken to fall a certain distance Essay When I do this experiment to find the terminal velocity I will drop 1 cake cup from a certain height ( which will be kept constant throughout the experiment.) When the cake cup is dropped a stop watch will start, then will be stopped when the cake cup hits the ground. I will then repeat this experiment using 2 cake cups, then three and so on. Altogether I will take 10 different weight readings, each weight reading done 3 times, so I can have a wide range of accurate results a total of 30 giving me a spread to plot on a graph. When doing the experiment, to make sure it is fair I will do the following things: Make sure the cake cup is dropped from the same height each time, if it wasnt then the results would be inaccurate.I will make sure the same person times the cake cup falling, this is because different people have different reactions. We will keep the same sized cake cups, as a different surface areas would lead to wrong results ( I will presume that the cake cups I use will weigh the same). When doing the experiment I will make sure there is nothing that could affect my results E.G wind or obstacles in the way, this would effect the falling time of the cake cup, therefore giving inaccurate results. The variable I will be changing will be the amount of cup cake holders, however there are many more variables I could change in order to make a comparison with other sets of results.During the experiment it is essential to ensure the cup cakes reach terminal velocity in order to find this I took some preliminary results in the form of a pre-test.Pre-TestThis was completed before the main experiment by taking 10 cup cake holders ( the maximum amount of cups I will use in the experiment), and timing how long they took to reach the ground from different heights. (In these preliminary results I changed the height so I could get several readings and plot them onto a distance time graph. From this graph I could then see when the cake cups had reached their terminal vel ocity.Height1.0 metre2.03.04.05.02.563.183.183.293.30It was clear from the results of the pre-test that the cup cakes had reached terminal velocity between 4 metres and 5 metres because the speed from this height would not increase anymore so we decided for the main experiment to use a constant height of 4.6 metres.Prediction:I predict that the terminal velocity will increase as I increase the weight of paper cups therefore the times will decrease when more paper cups are dropped and terminal velocity is reached.Justification for prediction:I think that the weight affects terminal velocity because I know that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. (E.G a brick falls faster than a feather). Bigger objects push air molecules out of the way faster than small objects when they fall to the ground. As air resistance affects the terminal velocity, terminal velocity occurs when gravity and air resistance are balanced causing the increase in acceleration to stop. At the instant of re lease there is no friction because the object is not moving. The weight of the object makes it accelerate downwards, because gravity is acting on it, the heavier the object the faster it will accelerate, because gravity is a constant force, it always stays the same; the velocity and the air resistance have to increase to balance it. So unless the weight of the paper case changes there is always the same force of gravity acting on it. So I expect that there will be a straight line of best fit on the graph. This is the reasoning behind my prediction.Equipment:I will use the following equipment throughout the experiment -* Metre Rulers (x5) (maximum height 4.6)* Paper Cups (x10)* Stop ClockDiagrams:Fair test:To ensure my results are accurate and fair I will:* Drop all of the cup cakes from the same height of 4.6 metres at the same angle.* Dropping each one 3 times and then finding the average.* Use the same size and type of cake case each time.* Make sure the same conditions are kept c onstant throughout.Variables:If I needed to complete the experiment again and compare my results with another then I could change one variable. These however must be changed one at a time or the tests wouldnt be fair and the results would be inaccurate because the results would be vague due to the uncertainty of how they differ from before due to having more than one variable.The range of variables for this experiment are :Number of cup cake holders- I chose this one because it is probably the most simple and easy to set up yet has the best outcomes and most accurate results as patterns and graphs can be made with ease.Conditions- This change would mean testing just one cup cake holder in various conditions and making valid observations and reasoning to why and which conditions affect the rate of terminal velocity.The way it which it is dropped- If this variable was used then the cup cake holder could be dropped sideways therefore decreasing the surface area meaning the air resistan ce will be less and as a consequence the terminal velocity changingResults:Table 1-Results 30 drops 10 different weights.Figure 1Amount/Attempt1st2nd3rd13.313.023.2422.392.052.3831.951.951.9941.661.71.7351.591.491.5361.381.431.4971.381.431.3881.341.381.3391.271.511.21101.201.261.17The results above show all 3 attempts in order to gain an accurate average to be able to plot a graph to simplify the results collectively.The graph shows a steady decrease in the time take for the cups to drop as more weight is added. If we were to increase the amount further then the graph would continue to form a steady slight curve until it made an end with a drop closer to 0.5 m/s. (marked with a star) There were however some anomalous results during the experiment and these have been highlighted in the results table(figure 1.)with an underline. Also another observation was that there were also some results that stood out according to there row, this means that they do not follow a pattern and seem ou t of place where they stand. These can be seen marked with a star. These results can be put down to either human error or a slight change in a variable such as the conditions, to correct this another retest should have been done to clarify any anomalous results.Average:Amount of cup cakesAverage (2.dp)Average (1.dp)13.193.222.272.331.962.041.701.751.541.561.431.471.401.481.351.491.331.3101.211.2The table rounds up all the data from the previous graph and gives an average to allow me to plot it onto a graph with a reading closest to either1dp or 2dp.The equation:Speed = Distance ? TimeI used this to find the speed within my terminal velocity experiment, if you substitute the worded equation with the data all of the speeds can be found in m/s. I have used the average reading closest to 2.dp/Table:Amount of cup cakesSpeed m/s11.4422.0332.3542.7152.9963.2273.2983.4193.46103.80Analysis:The results gained from the experiment show that my prediction was correct, as the amount of paper cups increase the terminal velocity is faster, the shorter time it takes for it to hit the ground. So then the more paper cake cases that were dropped the faster its terminal velocity. At the instant of release there is no friction because the object is not moving. The weight of the object makes it accelerate downwards, because gravity is acting on it, the heavier the object the faster it will accelerate.The results show that the terminal velocity increases steadily each time. 3.15m/s is the average increase in the terminal velocity each time another paper cake case is added. This shows that adding extra weight increases the terminal velocity. This is because terminal velocity is when the air resistance becomes equal to the gravitational force acting on the object and so the acceleration stops. The heavier the object the shorter time it takes for it to reach its terminal velocity.Evaluation:I think the experiment worked quite well, a lot of reliable results were obtained which could be analysed easily and this meant we were able to complete the aim. Most of the results are quite reliable; we did 3 experiments at each weight (3 drops with a total of 10 cup cakes) and took an average, which meant they were quite reliable. But because of human error they may not have been as reliable as they could have been, these human errors are responsible for the anomalous results on the graph. We could have improved the experiment by using electronic sensors, to drop the paper cases, this would have eliminated human error.The main error I think was delayed reaction times. When the cup/s were dropped, it would have taken the timer some time to start the stopwatch after it had passed the beginning of the timing point. Also if different people were timing they would obviously have different reaction times therefore affecting the results. If I did this experiment again I would have the same person each timing, also I have the person timing standing at a point where they could clearl y see when the cake cup passed. Also the stopwatch could only be measured to an accuracy of a 10th of a second.Another problem that occurred was that when the cake cup fall though the air there was some movement. The cup tended to sway from side to side which meant there would not be a constant area,(meaning the surface are constantly changing) which would obviously effect our results as there would be extra movement from side to side. If I were to do the experiment again, it would be hard to eliminate this error. The only way this could be slightly improved would be to ensure the best conditions possible to do the experiment in (a wind and draft free place.)After I had plotted my graph I found that there were one or two anomalous results, and this could have been because of any of the errors above. I re-tested this result and my new result fitted in better than the original result. I can conclude that the terminal velocity does depend on the weight, and this can be clearly seen whe n looking at my graph which follows a steady decline in the time take for the cups to drop. If I had decided to use the way it was dropped as variable then my results would have differed slightly, this is because the surface area would change if for example they were dropped at an angle then the times maybe would have had a slower decrease. The graph would have looked more or less the same but the time taken for the cups to fall would be longer.

Research Paper Thesis

Research Paper Thesis Research Paper Thesis Research Paper ThesisProbably, there is no a student who manage to create a research paper thesis at the first try. Indeed, formulating a research paper thesis is not easy, as it requires precision of logic and appropriate selecting of necessary words to express your idea. So, if you have difficulties with formulating your research paper thesis, this article is a real finding for you. Read it up to the end and take into consideration the information presented here. If you are writing research paper and need some help with research paper topic ideas , do not hesitate to contact us for professional assistance with writing! Before you making an attempt to formulate a research paper thesis, you should understand what this term means. That is why some definitions of a research paper thesis is right in time for you. A research paper thesis is a sentence or a couple of sentences that clearly explains your position on the problem under consideration. Thus, a research paper thesis does not introduce a subject but rather takes a stand.A research paper thesis is not a title of your work. It should disclose an idea fully. That is why it looks like a completed sentence. A research paper thesis is not a vague and broad idea. It should be focused and specific.Now everything seems to be utterly comprehensive, but how to create such a strong research paper thesis? In order to do it successfully, follow the steps presented below.Learn carefully what the greatest researchers say about the problem for discussion. Whose position is more or less close to your personal vision of the problem? Think over the idea yo u would like to develop in your paper.Formulate your main idea. Try to formulate it in one or maximum two sentences. Write it down somewhere on a sheet of paper. Do not worry if it turned out to be a bit clumsy. You will come back to it later to edit. Conduct research. While reading and analyzing the relevant material found, make notes. They may help you make certain improvements into your research paper thesis while editing it. Come back to your research paper thesis and think what can be changed. If a thesis remains flexible until the paper is completed, it will not cause you much difficulty to rewrite it. So, turn back to it and think how to improve it. Take into consideration the information presented above, and you will manage to create a good research paper thesis without any difficulties. While thesis writing may appear challenging to you, we know how to write a thesis of high academic quality!

Republic Polytechnic Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Republic Polytechnic Case Study - Assignment Example Implementation of an ERP in any organization involves a life cycle from the decision to adopt it to successful roll out, with discernible implementation phases as characterized by the key stakeholders, typical activities, associated challenges and outcomes. Four broad phases can be discerned based on this framework. They are planning, configuration, testing and actual implementation (Kumar, Maheshwari and Kumar 2003, pp. 795). Other authors present the phases as involving planning, implementation, stabilization and improvement (Markus and Tanis 2000, pp.173-207: Shanks et al. 2000, pp. 2). In the case of Republic Polytechnic’s ERP, the latter framework is seen in action thus forming this paper’s line of discussion.The first stage that was undertaken in RP’s implementation of the ERP is planning. RP needed an Enterprise System that was able to support two considerations. These include their problem-based learning pedagogy and their commitment to an IT strategy tha t would render the campus paperless for faster, efficient and cost-effective processes. RP set out on an outsourcing path for the vendor of an enterprise-wide e-learning management system that would provide a package which could suit RP’s mission and strategic direction. All relevant stakeholders were involved in finding such a vendor, flexible enough to allow for the heavy customization that was necessary for RP’s strategy, to be rolled out dubbed LEO (Learning Environment Online). This step involved two representatives from RP.... o allow for the heavy customization that was necessary for RP’s strategy, finally leading to settling on Wizlearn Pte Limited and their Academic Version 7 package. Post-purchase tailoring was the next step aimed at customizing the vendor’s product to RP’s needs in the system to be rolled out dubbed LEO (Learning Environment Online). This step involved two representatives from RP. These are OAA (Officer of Academic Affairs) and OIS (Officer of Information Systems) and an external IS team from the vendor all of whom liaised together and held discussions that finally resulted in a heavily customized product plan ready to be rolled out. The next phase after the planning part was actual implementation of the settled upon system, done a few weeks before the opening of the school term. The system that was rolled out provided an optimum system for RP and her staff although it was not exactly like they had envisioned as it had not accommodated all their views. Stabilizati on was the next phase for the system. Although the roll out had determined that there would be no need for training of RP staff, it was still necessary to provide basic training on the core features of the LEO. In a similar fashion, the students were trained on a basic general IT course and then given a few lessons on the core features of the LEO by the facilitators. The last phase of RP’s implementation of their ERP was improvement. This involved addition of the features that had been suggested in the planning stage but had been left out in implementation. More improvements on the ERP were based on suggestions from three sources; the top management, the facilitators and the development team itself, with additional suggestions being drawn from the students. The LEO manager determined which improvements

Nigerian Agip Oil Company Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9250 words

Nigerian Agip Oil Company - Dissertation Example From this study it is clear that the oil and gas industry is one of the most important sectors of the Nigerian economy. Thus there is a considerable amount of literature providing information on this specific industry. These have also offered an insight into the operations of the major oil producing companies present in Nigeria. Some of the literary works have also enumerated the success of these international companies and have tried to determine the reasons behind their high performance.This study declares that  similar to Mariby’s report, author Frynas has examined the conflict between the foreign oil companies and local village communities in Nigeria. The book begins by tracing the origins and evolution of Nigeria’s oil industry. He has provided an account of the overall consequences of the operations of the oil companies on the population residing in the villages. The book has specifically concentrated on the social and environmental effects of the firms’ activities on the native inhabitants of the country. This has always served as a complicated subject of research and also given rise to several viewpoints on the issue. The author has further considered the historical aspect of the issue and describes the past incidents of clashes between the two parties. He also enumerates the Nigerian government’s laws in this context and tries to analyze the social, economic and legislative hindrances which the oil companies were likely to encounter.

Explain the principle psychological perspective Essay Example for Free

Explain the principle psychological perspective Essay Behaviourist A perspective means a way of seeing things. Behaviourist is the first approach in this criterion. Behaviourist is the study of human minds, they study behaviour. The behaviourist sees the brain as a black box, this is because as they study animals it is easy to experiment, and they think that humans and animals are similar. The behaviourist wanted to become scientist, which is why they carried out the experiment. Although JB Watson (1887) was the founder of this theorist he studied the work of Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov did an experiment once on a dog. The dog salivated every time Pavlov came to the lab with the food. The dog then started associating the time, the bell and the brown coat. This kind of association is called classic conditioning. JB Watson also once experimented on a little boy called Albert. JB Watson taught Albert to have fear of the rats. Albert had a white fluffy rabbit. One day a white rat came pass Albert, but Albert did not seem to be frightened. JB Watson stood behind Albert’s back with metals. Every time the rat went pass JB banged the metals and Albert was startled, JB did this couple of times until Albert was scared of the rat, however Albert was not only scared of the white rat, it was also scared of his white fluffy rabbit as them to animals has the same colour. BF Skinner was also another behaviourist theorist, he did an experiment on a rat in a cage, he put some food on the food pallet for the rat, the rat accidently put its foot on the lever and food cam e out. So the rat did this few time and knew that if the rat puts the foot on the lever food would come out, this type of experiment was positive reinforcement. On the opposite Skinner experimented on the negative reinforcement. Skinner investigated this by giving the rat a small electric shock whenever it pressed the lever. The consequence of lever pressing was experienced as unpleasant, so the rat learnt to stop pressing the lever. Psycho dynamic Freud ( 1856-1939) and Erikson(1902-194) are two men who came up with the psycho dynamic theory. Freud said that we humans are like animals driven by basic biological natures. He came up with the psyche idea. He said that the psyche idea had three stages, ID means the basic animal instinct, for example, eating sleeping and reproducing, SUPER EGO means morality and EGO means reality and logic. It is said that Freud was the earliest thinkers to bring public attention the idea that us humans are not always aware of some aspects in our lives. He believed that we lock up memories that we do not want to remember or feeling that we do not want to expose somewhere in our brains. He referred consciousness to a tip of an iceberg. He referred pre consciousness at the middle of the ice berg and he also referred unconsciousness as at the bottom of the iceberg. He also came up with defence mechanisms. He knew that when people do not want to remember things, they want to deny it. This mechanism has five stages. Denial is when a person reject the thought or feeling, repression is when we push down the bad memories to the unconsciousness however it could leak at some points. Projection is when a person pushes the social unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else. Rationalisation means making excuses and lastly sublimation is putting all the energies onto something else. Freud also came up with the early experience; he came up with this idea which has five stages. Oral means mouth, anal means anus, phallic is a Latin word for penis, latent which means resting and genital which means private parts. Erikson agrees with Freud however he thought that this continues throughout our life time and were essentially social in nature. Social Learning Theory The theorist of social learning theory is bandura. He is said to be sympathetic towards behaviourist. Although bandura does not criticize, he tells the behaviourist to build up to it. Bandura agrees with the positive reinforcement. Albert bandura said that leaning takes place in social situations, such as in the family or with friends and other people. How Skinner came up with positive reinforcement, Albert came up with vicarious reinforcement, this means when people observe and get affected. For example, Barbara is good to her mother and the father praises her, her sister is observing it but she gets affected by how she is getting treated by her parents, Barbara’s sister was vicariously reinforced. The other idea bandura came up with was role model and modelling. The people we learn from are our role model but the process of imitating the person is called modelling. Modelling has five stages, attention, which is when a person is attracted to a celebrity or a person they reall y like. Retention is when the person is keeping the likeness inside them, reproduction is when he person copies the behaviour, motivation is when the person is tempted to do what the celebrity does and lastly self efficacy is when the person is confident in one area. It is said that we do not imitate all behaviour we observe and remember. Humanistic This approach has been found by two theorist called Carl Rogers (1902-1987) and Abraham Maslow. Carl Rogers (1902-1087) theory is based on clinic and it is also based on the years he has been dealing with different clients with different problems. Rogers sees people as good and he thinks that â€Å"good mental health is a natural progression of human development†. This quote shows that he is stating that human being instinctively know what is bad and what is not. Rogers came up with an idea of an actualisation theory. This is the natural motivation that every human being has. For example, we as human beings try to do very risky things, such as flying to the moon. Some of our hobbies is to create music and paint pictures, we do all because we want to be the best we can, achieve and become successful in the future. He also came up with the idea of unconditional positive regard; he said that this is when people like you, because of who you are regardless of your performances and conformity. The opposite of this is conditional positive regard, which simply explains when someone likes you if their expectations are fulfilled. In other words, Rogers believed that some of the people feel wanted and belonged when they fulfilled other people’s expectations and that is when they develop conditional self regard. Cognitive Approach Cognitive approach is found by three theorist, Jean Piaget, Kelly and beck/Ellis. With the invention of computers and other aids brain activities was like the operation of a computer. Loads of researches have been devoted to understand the process of cognitive, such as attention, memory information processing and problem solving. Jean Piaget came up with an idea related to how people develop throughout their lives. He came to a conclusion that cognition develops through a series of stages. There are four stages that Piaget has mentioned in the theory. The first stage is called the sensory motor, it means that babies from 0 to 2 are experiencing through motor and the sense. stage 2 is the pre operational, this is when children from 2 to 7 develop languages along with the memory, stage 3 is the concrete operational which means that the child can now understand conservations but cannot solve problems yet. The last stage is the formal stage, this is when the children can abstract thought s and present problems of their own and other people. Biological Approach The theorist of this theory is called Arnold Gessel (1880-1961), Gessel came up with the idea is that people are born with a set of genes and the genes carries different personalities, so the theorist is stating that behaviour does not to do with environment and what can of people you socialise with but it is to do with the genes the person is born with. This is quite different to the humanistic approach where the effectiveness of nurture is paramount. Gessel believes that as the baby is being formed in the womb of the mother, for example, the heart being first to form. As the child develops the genes allows to flower over the person. The theorist came up with the genetic influences on behaviour idea. He thinks that genes effect behaviour in many ways, some illnesses such as Huntingdons disease is caused by the genes caused by the parents genes or the genes from the family. This disorder will change the person’s behaviour, for example, they will speak in appropriately and they will become aggressive.

Animal Farm And The Russian Revolution Essay -- Animal Farm Essays

George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm is a great example of allegory and political satire. The novel was written to criticize totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalin's corrupt rule in Russia. In the first chapter Orwell gives his reasons for writing the story and what he hopes it will accomplish. It also gives reference to the farm and how it relates to the conflicts of the Russian revolution. The characters, settings, and the plot were written to describe the social upheaval during that period of time and also to prove that the good nature of true communism can be turned into something atrocious by an idea as simple as greed. This essay will cover the comparisons between Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution. It will also explain why this novel is a satire and allegory to the Revolution that took place in Russia so long ago. First and foremost Manor Farm itself represents Russia with its poor conditions and irresponsible leaders. Mr. Jones plays one of those leaders, Nicholas the Second or The Czar as people called him in those days. Mr. Jones beats his animals, forgets to feed them and treats them badly. His actions are portrayals of the actions of The Czar. Old Major is representative of Karl Marx. Marx had a dream of a better Russia and created the doctrine of communism to aid in distribution of wealth, and to bring the people to a place were they would all be equal, but what he didn’t realize was that under the wrong rule the good intentions of communism would become...

Chapter 13 Guided Reading

Guided Reading Chapter 13 Terms: 1. Tropics- Areas with high humidity and temperatures 2. Monsoons- an overflow of water from rivers 3. Ecosystems- communities of living things within a certain climare 4. Bilad al-sudan- West African Jewish communities who were connected to known Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, or Spain and Portugal. 5. Dhow – any of various types of sailing vessels used by Arabs on the east African, Arabian, and Indian coasts, generally lateen-rigged on two or three masts. 6. Swahili – a member of a Bantu people of Zanzibar and the neighboring coast of Africa.Also, Kiswahili, ki-Swahili. the Bantu language of the Swahili people, used also as a lingua franca in Tanzania, Kenya, and parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7. Urdu- an official language of Pakistan, also spoken in India. The script derives primarily from Persia. It belongs to the Indic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, being closely related to H indi but containing many Arabic and Persian loan words 8. Junks- Chinese Ships that can contain up to 40 tons Places: 9. Niger River – the principal river of western Africa, extending about 4,180 km 10.Indus River – is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India. 11. The Ganges – a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh. The 1,569 mi river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. 12. Mekong River- a river in Southeast Asia. is 4,350 km From the Tibetan Plateau this river runs through China's Yunnan province, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. 13.Swahili Coast-The Swahili Coast refers to the coast or coastal area of East Africa inhabited by the Swahili people, mainly Kenya, Tanzania, and north Mozambique. The term may also include the islands such as Zanzibar, Pate or Comoros which lie off the Swahili Coast. 14. Strait of Malacca – is a narrow, 805 km (500 mi) stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is named after the Malacca Sultanate that ruled over the archipelago between 1414 and 1511. 15. Mogadishu – the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta's appearance on the Somali coast in 1331, the city was at the zenith of its prosperity.He described Mogadishu as â€Å"an exceedingly large city† with many rich merchants, which was famous for its high quality fabric that it exported to Egypt, among other places. He added that the city was ruled by a Somali Sultan originally from Berbera in northern Somalia who spoke both Somali and Arabic with equal fluency. The Sultan also had a retinue of wazirs (ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal eunuchs, and other officials at his beck and call. 16. Kilwa -Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an islan d off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania. 7. Aden – In 1421, China's Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of Zheng He's fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden. This event was recorded in the book Ying-yai Sheng-lan by Ma Huan who accompanied the imperial envoy 18. Malabar Coast – The Malabar Coast is a long and narrow coastline on the south-western shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent.Geographically, it comprises the wettest regions of southern India, as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-laden monsoon rains, especially on their westward-facing mountain slopes. The term â€Å"Malabar Coast† is also sometimes used in reference to the entire Indian coast from the western coast of Konkan to the tip of the subcontinent at Cape Comorin. 19. Malac ca – the third smallest Malaysian state after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Straits of Malacca. It borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and Johor to the south.Malacca was founded by Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah or Sri Majara, the last Raja of Singapura (present day Singapore) following a Majapahit attack in 1377. He found his way to Malacca around 1400 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the Malacca Straits. 20. Timbuktu – The first mention is by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta who visited both Timbuktu and Kabara in 1353 when returning from a stay in the capital of the Mali Empire. [25] Timbuktu was still relatively unimportant and Battuta quickly moved on to Gao.At the time both Timbuktu and Gao formed part of the Mali Empire. A century and a half later, in around 1510, Leo Africanus visited Timbuktu. He gave a description of the town in his Descrittione dell'Africa which was published in 1550. [26] The original Italian was translated into a number of other languages and the book became widely known in Europe. [27] Empires/ Kingdoms: 21. Delhi Sultanate – five short-lived dynasties, Delhi based kingdoms or sultanates, mostly of Turkic and Pashtun (Afghan) origin in medieval India. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty.The five dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90); the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414); the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). 22. Mali Empire – a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 C. E. to c. 1600. C. E. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. The Mali Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Afric a, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River.It extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces. 23. Kanem- Bornu – existed in modern Chad and Nigeria. It was known to the Arabian geographers as the Kanem Empire from the 9th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu until 1900. At its height it encompassed an area covering not only much of Chad, but also parts of modern southern Libya, eastern Niger, northeastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon. The history of the Empire in the longue duree is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle or Girgam discovered in 1851 by the German traveller Heinrich Barth. 4. Gujarat – From 1297 to 1300, Allauddin Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, destroyed Anhilwara and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate. After Timur's sacking of Delhi at the end of the fourteenth century weakened the Sultanate, Gujarat's Muslim Rajput governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar asse rted his independence, and his son, Sultan Ishaan Shah (ruled 1411 to 1442), restructured Ahmedabad as the capital. 25. Bahmani Kingdom – was a Muslim state of the Deccan in South India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms. Bahmanid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic Kingdom in South India. 6. Vijayanagar Empire – an empire based in South India, in the Deccan Plateau region. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty and Dhangar / Kuruba Gowda lineage. 27. Great Zimbabwe – Great Zimbabwe acted as a royal palace for the Zimbabwean monarch and would have been used as the seat of their political power. One of its most prominent features were its walls, some of which were over five metres high and which were constructed without mortar. Eventually the city was abandoned and fell into ruin. Individuals / Peoples: 28.Muhammed ibn Ab-dullah ibn Buttata – a Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his exte nsive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. â€Å"Journey†). Over a period of thirty years, he visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands; his journeys including trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time.He journeyed more than 75,000 miles (121,000 km), a figure unsurpassed by any individual explorer until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later. 29. Sundiata – founder of the Mali Empire 30. Mansa Kankan Musa – the tenth Mansa, which translates as â€Å"King of Kings† or â€Å"Emperor†, of the Malian Empire. At the time of Mansa Musa's rise to the throne, the Malian Empire consisted of territory formerly bel onging to the Ghana Empire and Melle (Mali) and immediate surrounding areas, and Musa held many titles, including: Emir of Melle, Lord of the Mines of Wangara, and Conqueror of Ghanata, Futa-Jallon, and at least another dozen states. 1. Mansa Suleiman – mansa of the Mali Empire from 1341 to 1360. The brother of the powerful Kankan Musa I, he succeeded Musa's son Maghan to the throne in 1341. His son Kassa briefly assumed the throne following his death in 1360, but was succeeded the same year by Maghan's son Mari Diata II. 32. Sultan Iltutmish – He was a slave of Qutb-ud-din Aibak and later became his son-in-law and close lieutenant. He was the Governor of Badaun when he deposed Qutub-ud-din's successor Aram Shah and acceeded to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in 1211.He shifted Capital from Lahore to Delhi, remained the ruler until his death on May 1, 1236. Iltutmish introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital-the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a standard weight of 175 grains. He introudced Iqtadari system: division of empire into Iqtas, which were assigned to the nobles and officers in lieu of salary. 33. Sultan Raziya – First female Sultan referred to as Razia Sultana was the Sultana of Delhi in India from 1236 to May 1240. She was of Seljuq slave ancestry and like some other Muslim princesses of the time, she was trained to lead armies and administer kingdoms if necessary.Razia Sultana, the fifth Mamluk Sultanate was the only woman ruler of both the Sultanate and the Mughal period. Important Events: 34. Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage – Musa's journey was documented by several eyewitnesses along his route, who were in awe of his wealth and extensive procession, and records exist in a variety of sources, including journals, oral accounts and histories. Musa is known to have visited with the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad of Egypt in July 1324. Questions to Outline: 1.The ecosystems in Africa are controlled by their location in comparison with the equator and there are many different ecosystems with in a tropical environment which is an area with a high temperature and humidity. 2. It mobilized the labor of ordinary people in order to produce surpluses, helped support powerful states and profitable commercial systems. 3. Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 13th to the 16th centuries, though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into North India as early as the time of the Rajput kingdoms in the 7th century.Some historians consider parts of the conquest the bloodiest chapter in human history. 4. The Indian Ocean trade has been a key factor in East–West exchanges. Long distance trade in dhows and sailboats made it a dynamic zone of interaction between peoples, cultures, and civilizations stretching from Java in the East to Zanzibar and Mombasa in the West. Cities and states on the Indian Ocean rim were Janus-faced. They looked outward to th e sea as much as they looked inward to the hinterland. In the contemporary period, the re-assertion of Asia’s cultural, political, and economic trength has manifested itself in varied events such as the meteoric rise of the Chinese economy and the growing influence of India’s culture industry, and the rise of Dubai as a global financial hub. These processes indicate a gradual movement of the fulcrum of global economic and military exchanges away from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean, a shift which is being keenly watched by national elites and global institutions. 5. Their status was determined by males, Tasks were cooking, brewing and farm work, family organization was important in society and some women didn’t adopt veiling. . The spread of Islam, Commercial contacts and the rise of Mali and Ghana. These changed many things with in the people such as what rights they had, the amount of slavery, taxes and trade, economy was based off gold and their religion. 7. They made certain adjustments such as irrigation systems, and adopted different means of surviving such as wild food and fish hunting, herding and grain trade, farming of rice, wheat , sorghum and millet. They also built dams and reservoirs.

Example Leisure Management Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3543 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Critical essay Did you like this example? Critically evaluate the process of change management carried out by a leisure and sport organisation with which you are familiar. Use appropriate theory to evaluate the change management process in question. Sports and fitness has come a long way over time, it is now looked upon as an industry, which operates on a global scale. Sports and Fitness could comprise clubs, health centres, big games like the Olympics, football clubs, golf courses, championships and titles ranging a multitude of sports and games. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example Leisure Management Essay" essay for you Create order Each of these activities are part of organisations which are run just like any other organisation with management control, finance, marketing, human resource management and strategy. Each of these areas contribute to the success or failure of the enterprise. Due to immense media coverage and sponsorships, the sector has become very active, glamorised and highly competitive. The competition in this sector is becoming stronger and more players realise the lucrative benefits this sector has to offer. Television and media have greatly publicised the health and sports segment, to an extent where people are beginning to see the advantages of being part of it. Many beauty pageants have also been instrumental in creating the message about beauty, health and fitness. The outcome has been a combination of fitness and leisure centres, these are training grounds for athletes and people who would like to achieve a fitness regime by being part of these centres. More and more people are now keen to be fit and involved in sports of some kind to keep up their fitness levels and be healthy. Crichter (1984) says, the paradox of sport is that it provides such moments of self-realisation even as it confirms their apparent impossibility elsewhere. It both realises human identity and denies other kinds of especially racial and sexual identity. It is both uncontaminated by the rest of social life and shot through with economic and political influences. It is both timeless and a product of history [Frank Kew (1997), p 12 25]. Sports and fitness are about helping create a self-identity, which is high on self-esteem, confidence and good belief. The following is information on sports psychology which helps understand the reasons behind so many fitness and leisure centres springing up across countries including UK. Another interesting quote about sports comes from Huizinga, 1972, Play is essentially a free activity quite consciously outside ordinary life as being not se rious, but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. Play has no material interest, and no profit can be gained by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings which tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress their differences from the common world by disguise or other means [Cox H. Richard (1998), p 15 30]. The feature about sports, which is of great interest, is that the ways these organisations work have wholly different perspectives. The social practices, rule structures are self-contained and independent and so applying management practices would need to take this psychology in context to the final argument. The people who work in this industry are also influenced by the way this industry operates, their psychology is determined by this. The concept of sports and fitness as joint collaborative projects can be analysed fu rther, there are social dynamics involved in this ball game. In this context, the social dynamics pertains to practitioners who interact with each other. As per Guttmann (1978), modern sports and fitness is monitored and handled by multinational companies, who administer and control the operations by local, regional or international levels. The people in this organisation exercise a lot of power, power to oversee and sanction athletes, teams and events make up rules and enforce them, organise events and certify records [Cox H. Richard (1998), p 20 34]. As the sports industry had gained momentum and is diffused with different social and national groups of personnel, the bureaucracy needed to oversee the governance process of sports have become more complex and powerful. In organisations driven by such force bringing about change would be a tall order, which would need more than good management skills. Although sports and health organisations are a new phenomenon compared to a lot of sectors and industries, which have been around for decades now, change management is a subject which will be difficult and need strategic management inputs when applied to this sector. Yet given the volatile markets and external environment, change would be a factor organisations cannot avoid. Change in any organisation could be triggered due to either internal or external circumstances. The organisation in question for this paper is a health club, which has three divisions sports, health and beauty and a leisure centre. For the sake of protecting the identity of the club, the name of the organisation has been changed to Fitness first. The problems in this organisation first started with the introduction of a new arm to the organisation Sports Centre, where world famous coaches along with fringe benefits of private training gave professional and prospective athletes the option of being part of a club. Fitness first was initiated and conceptualised in the year 2001, the infrastructure and management were the best in the industry and finance was not a problem since the funding came from heavy weights in the Sports industry. To begin with the senior management that was brought on board by the two directors were given a lot of autonomy in running the business and expansion plans. The first two years in the business witnessed an inflow of members who were ready to pay a hefty annual fee to be part of the club. This was because of the personal care and interest each member was able to enjoy along with the state of the art infrastructure. The members realised the value of such benefits and were promoting the club through the word of mouth. Any business is good to go once the customers are satisfied with the deliverables and they see value for money. By the year 2003, the club had opened up 20 branches across England with additional features like a Beauty centre, which was very popular with both, the male and female members. The problem starte d in the year 2004 with the initiation of the Sports centre facility, the directors increasing interference, bureaucracy, lack of autonomy for the management and complacency on part of the management towards the operational and customer service aspects of the business. The first sign was the failure of a club, which had opened up in the posh area of Kensington, London. The management was unable to understand the reasons for the lack of members despite heavy promotional campaigns. It was then observed that almost seven clubs had not enrolled new members over a period of three months. Finally the first Sports centre initiated at the Reading branch was showing blatant signs of failure. From a membership base of six professional athletes and 4 beginners, three beginners had already dropped out in the first month itself and the remaining members were considering giving up membership of the sports centre. All this had a combined effect on the revenue figures as well as dwindling profits in the first quarter of 2004. Fortunately the two directors realised that there were serious problems with the health club and leisure centre and a meeting was called upon with the entire management team across all clubs. A whirlwind strategic conference was organised, which lasted four days, and everyone realised that there was a need for introspection and change. The main problems identified during the conference were 1. Lack of Autonomy 2. Lack of focus on customer service 3. Lack of flexibility amongst management 4. Lack of improvisation tools to enhance business prospects 5. Lack of focus on new customers as well as old 6. Lack of personalisation, which had been a competitive advantage at one time The problem now was to understand and plan a strategy to combat all the problems listed above. Change is always a difficult proposition since it needs people to do something new, something they are not aware of and this especially since it takes them into an insecure environment. The framework involving strategic change might comprise the organisation structure, culture and skill set. When implementing plans for a change proposal, one needs to comprehend if the change runs as deep as the organisation structure and culture since the latter is a deep process which needs a lot of time, patience, acceptability and understanding. Peters and Watermans (1982) defined strategy as the core structure of change, strategy is the deliberate or emergent pattern of decisions which shape an organisations future and its fit within its environment. These decisions may involve changing the future scope and shape of activities or major areas of internal change aimed at protecting or enhancing capability. [Grundy Tony (1993), p 28] The changes at fitness first would not only need the management personnel who were part of the conference but also individuals who were contributing at one level or another at every branch. Each personnel needed to understand the extent of the problem and be willing to bring about the required change so that the organisation could once more progress towards growth, profitability and satisfied customers. Carnall (1986) is an important contributor to the process of managing change. As per Carnall, implementing change goes through a series of stages, which involve, denial, defence, discarding, adapting and internalising. Change needs very adept and fragile handling of people, according to Lewin (1935), the cycle of change spans a considerable amount of time, it depends on how fundamental or challenging the change is, also there is always some decline in performa nce in managers and thats what the change agents need to account for [Grundy Tony (1993), 40 46]. A change agent is the person in charge of bringing about the change process; the agent might be internal or external depending on the circumstances as well as the extent of change. This agent is a manager with special qualities, which will make him/her effective and successful in planning and executing the process. Charles Handy (1999) uses the ten roles defined by Mintzberg as a basis for making one understand the different roles of the manager. As leading personnel the manager needs to be a figurehead, leader and liaison, all these are interpersonal roles. In the capacity of an administrator, he/she needs to monitor, disseminate and be a spokesperson these are informational roles. Lastly as a fixator, he/she need to be an entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator, these are decisional roles. Since the meeting at Fitness First, it was strategically de cided that each centre would be assigned a change agent who will be internal given the extent of the problem. The senior management, local teams and the directors based on a compilation of all the above qualities, mutually listed the change agents. Charles Handy brings in some interesting perspective on how organisations are, as much as people would like to view them as well-oiled machinery, they comprise of people. People from different backgrounds, cultures, lives, opinions and behaviour. All these people compete for resources, power, recognition and their own judgements. There will always be a difference of opinions, values and culture, each one would conflicts of priorities and goals, there are pressure groups and lobbies, cliques and cabals, rivalries and contests, clashes of personality and bonds of alliances. [Charles Handy (1999), p 209 210] Since the problems being faced at Fitness First were grave in appearance, the directors were very forthcoming in following a p articipative approach, from top to down in the organisation. They realised that the autonomy and right to exercise power in the individual sphere of the managers was a positive attribute, which had to return to the way the organisation functioned. As per Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1983), the participative approach is only taken when the change agents view the problem as internally driven, based on choice and responsiveness, rather than something which is imposed externally facing extreme resistance. The architecture of change needs an awareness of foundations, Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1983) an academic expert on change management states that the change agents need this history of relationships, coordination, mutual trust to learn from a successful story and imbibe the values in the new process. The art and architecture of change, also involves designing reports about the past to elicit the present actions required for the future [Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1983), p 288 290]. The build ing blocks of change can be easily interpreted from Quinns definition of managing strategic change, The most effective strategies of major enterprises tends to emerge step-by-step from an iterative process in which the organisation probes the future, experiments, and learns from a series of partial commitments rather than through global formulations of global strategies. Good managers are aware of this process, and they consciously intervene in it. They use it to improve the information available for decisions and to build to improve the information available for decisions and to build the psychological identification essential to successful strategies. Such logical incrementalism is not muddling as most people understand that word it honours and utilises the global analyses inherent in formal strategy formulation models and embraces the central tenets of the political or power-behavioural approaches to such decision making [Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1983), p 288 295]. The pro cess of change as defined by so many academics needs trust, loyalty and faith in the change agent who will lead the people involved through the process. The managerial style in organisations like Fitness First needs to change as part of the change management process. The hierarchical form needs to become more networked where people have access to information, there is informality, equality and there is lateral bottom up communication. Birchall and Lyons (1995), talk some more about the way businesses need to become more effective and efficient, as this will help in the change process, similar to fitness first businesses need to rethink the way work is being organised and executed. This is due to the changing demands of the customers, the expectations and aspirations of the employees; the transformation comes through with revamping of operations and by taking advantage of emerging possibilities. Expectations and communication brings us back to the way the change agents would draw personnel at Fitness First into rectifying the problems being faced by the organisation. Change is not always about something new; sometimes it is about going back to the foundation and grass root level of the origination of the business. Since the change was primarily internal, managing the expectations of the people involved about the quantity and quality of change would be very important. The people involved need to know that the change is being brought about within the structure and culture of the organisation to eventually benefit everyone by being part of a successful venture. Since the profits are dwindling, it does call for extreme measures, which people might not be expecting. The biggest fear amongst employees in the face of change is the insecurity of not having a job, these fears had to be allayed by the change agents at the earliest else the performance would dip to a large extent. The second step was to know expectations and then communicating the plan for managing and executing change in the way work was being handled. The final steps needed at Fitness First were 1. Changing the organisation structure in certain places depending on the agenda and need 2. Make the business more result oriented through customer satisfaction 3. Training for all personnel to understand customer relationship management 4. Motivate the employees through personal belief to work towards rectifying the problems 5. Open door communication policies to make operations transparent 6. Introduce annual reward management system for employees and customers A communication plan was the first step towards personnel involvement in the change process. When complacency sets in and people get comfortable with their surroundings, change mostly uproots them from this comfort zone and more often than not, the results are not very encouraging. The change agents brought into play an effective communication plan, which covered the scope of change, the effects and results. Since there was a need for restructuring, the involvement of people is necessary, listening and learning become prime to making it a success. The agent has to take people into confidence about how the change will affect them internally as well as externally, from the view point of the organisation as well as personally. Another important factor to be remembered by the change agents is the five-model process for managing change diagnosis, planning, implementation, control and learning. At fitness firs t the first two stages were near completion and the following three were moving at a parallel pace with the ensured commitment of the staff. According to Margaret Davis and David Weckler (1996), a major factor underpinning the success of failure of change is the capability of the organisation in question. Organisational capability is a big part of the organisations competitive advantage; it is also a reflection of its inherent flexibility, adaptability, and capacity to preserve single-mindedness, rationality despite all pressures, internal or external. Coming to fitness first, now that a detailed analysis of the organisation structure and resources was through with a new one in place, displacement of employees from their previous positions had to be dealt with patience. It is important to time and again bring in communication tools and enforce the change objective and what it does on a larger scale. The anxiety and insecurity need to be dealt with, once the commitment is pa rt of the change project, success is not difficult. Once the change agents had spent time, money and effort in designing the new organisation chart, it was important to see how well it could be implemented. This brought us to the three important ingredients of implementation communication, impact analysis and transition management. In this case the employees needed to know if the reporting system would be different, working in different divisions under different people would be a part of this transition. The customers needed to know if the services changed with this process in flow and if the representatives they dealt with earlier would also change. On all accounts, effective communication was introduced through a first ever group wide meeting being called to mitigate or absolve any doubts which might hinder the change process. The customers were dealt with newsletters and individual meetings as deemed appropriate. Fitness First change agents had devised a list of ripples t hese changes might create and so there were already back up resources and plans in place. Each Change Agent had accounted for a transition manager in their teams who would be responsible in overseeing that the transition took place as effectively and smoothly as possible. After long, fitness first had brought changes in the structure and introduced open communication channels; there was more autonomy in the organisation. This gave way to a common platform for employees to chip in ideas about growth potential and customer enrolment. The sports centre introduction was seen as a moderate expansion plan and so new associates and trainers were introduced to cater to the demands of upcoming talent. Apparently a talk with the old members revealed that they missed personal training regimes and a dedicated coach scenario, which led them to the decision of quitting membership. The introduction of the Customer Relationship Management program was an effective measure, which reintroduced one to one personal communication between members and the club centres. There was a monthly reward program for the most successful idea of the month; all these tools went a long way in hauling employee confidence, motivation and loyalty. The customers were also content and satisfied with the resurgence of these change measures, which showed responsiveness on part of the club towards their reaction and value. Customers always need to feel important and taken care of; this is the oldest adage for any successful business. To conclude the design of an organisation cannot be rigid. Given the current competitive environment and unpredictable markets, they need to be more in tune with the customers and changing business conditions. The only constant is change and so any organisation their structure and business processes need to be productive, flexible, adaptable and responsive to changing business needs. Fitness First was able to bring about internal changes which the manageme nt deemed fit, yet in the future there will always be need for more review processes to see when and where another change might be required. This was a learning lesson for fitness first, a platform for them to realise the need to become a learning organisation to stay abreast of competition and external environment. Senge (1990) introduced the concept of the learning organisation, one, which constantly reflects, understands, and evolves and changes based on internal and external conflicts and needs. All organisations need to imbibe the qualities of a learning organisation and the sooner they do o the better. Finally Change involves the interaction of a number if systems within an organisation. These may interact with one another in ways, which will either facilitate or inhibit change. A key factor in managing change effectively is to understand how these systems interact with one another. Openness to understanding these interdependencies is identified by Senge as being a cruci al part of the learning organisation [Handy Charles (1999), p 12 25].